- January 14
- Raymond Poincaré becomes premier of France. [1]
- January 18
- British explorer Robert Falcon Scott and his expedition arrive at the South Pole only to find that Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had preceded them by just over a month. [5] [663.42] (January 17 [1])
- January 29
- Martial law declared in textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA. [1]
- February 12
- The Republic of China adopts the Gregorian calendar. [1] [5]
- Last Ch'ing (Manchu) emperor of China, Henry P'u-i, abdicates. [1]
- February 14
- Arizona is the 48th state admitted to the USA. [1] [406.4] [413.4,52] [453.70]
- February 15
- Roald Amundsen in Fram ship reaches latitude 78 degrees 41 minutes South, farthest south ever by ship. [1]
- February 22
- J Vedrines makes first airplane flight over 100 mph. [1]
- February 26
- Coal miners strike in England (settle on March 1). [1]
- February 27
- Lord Kitchener opens Khartoum-El Obeid (Nyala) railway. [1]
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- March 5
- Italian forces are the first to use airships for military purposes; reconnaissance behind Turkish lines. [5]
- Spanish steamer Principe de Asturias sinks northeast of Spain, 500 die. [1]
- March 7
- Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole. [1]
- March 12
- Captain Albert Berry performs first parachute jump from an airplane. [1]
- The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) are founded in Savannah, Georgia, in the United States, by Juliette Gordon Low. [1] [5] [420.96] [477.72] [1066.50]
- March 14
- King Vittorio Emanuel III of Rome is injured during assassination attempt. [1]
- March 17
- Camp Fire Girls organization announced by Mrs Luther Halsey Gulick. [1]
- March 29
- Captain Robert Scott, blizzard-bound in a tent 18 km from the South Pole, makes last entry in his diary "the end cannot be far". [1]
- March 30
- French protectorate in Morocco is established. [1]
- April 2
- Sun Yat Sen forms Guomindang-Party in China. [1]
- RMS Titanic passenger liner undergoes sea trials under its own power. [1]
- April 4
- The Titanic arrives at Southampton after finishing sea trials. [117.39]
- Army fires on striking mine workers at Lena gold fields in Siberia. [1]
- Chinese republic proclaimed in Tibet. [1]
- April 6
- Electric starter motor first appears in cars. [1]
- April 8
- Steamers collide in the Nile, drowning 200. [1]
- April 10
- RMS Titanic passenger liner sets sail from Southampton, England for its first (and last) voyage, with 2207 passengers and crew. [1] [117.40] [260.92] [720.80]
- April 12
- The Titanic departs Queenstown, Ireland with final passengers and mail, now 1316 passengers, 885 crew, headed for New York. [117.40] (April 11 [720.80]) (2228 passengers and crew [720.80])
- April 13
- British Royal Flying Corps forms (later Royal Air Force). [1]
- April 14
- Pan American Union forms. [1]
- (11:40 PM) The RMS Titanic passenger liner, on route from Southampton to New York, strikes an iceberg 453 miles southeast of Newfoundland, 37 seconds after warning from the night watchman in the crow's nest. Six of 15 watertight compartments are breached by a 300-foot gash. [1] [117.41] [260.92] [720.83]
- April 15
- (00:05 AM) Captain Smith of the Titanic orders lifeboats to be uncovered, and for passengers to be assembled to abandon ship. [117.41]
- (00:15 AM) Telegraph operator aboard the Titanic sends a constant distress call "CQD" and Titanic's call letters "MGY"; then sends out "SOS". Carpathia answers the call. [117.41]
- (00:25 AM) Captain Smith of the Titanic orders women and children into lifeboats. [117.42]
- (00:45 AM) The first lifeboat from the Titanic is lowered to the sea, with 28 people, of a capacity of 65. [117.42]
- (2:27 AM) RMS Titanic sinks in North Atlantic. An estimated 1522 people die, 705 survive. [1] [260.92] [720.84]
- (4:00+ AM) Carpathia rescues 712 survivors from the Titanic. [117.43]
- April 17
- First unofficial gold record (Al Jolson's "Ragging The Baby To Sleep"). [1]
- April 29
- 108 degrees F (42 degrees C), Tuguegarao, Philippines (Oceania record high). [1]
- May 4
- Italian mariners occupy Turkish Island of Rhodes. [1]
- May 5
- Soviet Communist Party newspaper Pravda begins publishing. [1]
- May 7
- Columbia University approves plans for awarding the Pulitzer Prize in several categories. The award is established by Joseph Pulitzer. [1]
- May 11
- Alaska is organized as a US territory. [437.109]
- May 13
- Royal Flying Corps is established in England. [1] [241.9]
- May 14
- King Frederik VIII of Denmark (1906-12), dies at age 68. [1]
- May
- The Ottawa branch mint of the British Royal Mint strikes Canada's first $5 and $10 gold coins. [3]
- May 25
- Morocco issues first postage stamps, six denominations depicting Aissaouas Mosque in Tangier. [1367.1121]
- May 30
- US Marines are sent to Nicaragua. [1]
- June 4
- Cone of Mount Katmai (Alaska) collapses. [1]
- Massachusetts passes first US minimum wage law. [1]
- June 5
- US marines invade Cuba (third time). [1]
- June 6
- Novarupta in Alaska begins erupting, resulting in the second largest volcanic eruption in historic time. [5]
- June 7
- Saint Pius X issues encyclical On the Indians of South America. [1]
- US army tests first machine gun mounted on a plane. [1]
- (month unknown)
- A meteorite is found at Adelie Land, 32km west of Cape Denison, Antarctica, first meteorite found on the continent. [523.55]
- July 15
- British National Health Insurance Act goes into effect. [1]
- July 16
- Naval torpedo launched from an airplane patented by B.A. Fiske. [1]
- July 19
- In Holbrook, Arizona, USA 14,000 meteorite stones fall; no injuries reported. [521]
- July 25
- Comoros is proclaimed a French colony. [1]
- August 5
- Japan's first taxicab service begins in Ginza, Tokyo. [5]
- August 14
- 2,500 US marines invade Nicaragua; US remains until 1925. [1]
- August 21
- Mr Carter-Cotton is chosen first chancellor of University of British Columbia. [1]
- August 27
- Edgar Rice Burroughs' book Tarzan is published. [1]
- September 3
- World's first cannery opens in England to supply food to the navy. [1]
- September 9
- J Verdrines becomes first to fly over 100 mph (107 mph/172 kph). [1]
- September 28
- Kiche Maru ship sinks off Japan, killing 1,000. [1]
- October 4
- Nicaraguan General Zeledon, opponent of US occupation, is executed. [1]
- October 8
- First Balkan War begins. [1]
- October 14
- Saloon keeper John N. Schrank shoots US President Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The bullet is deflected by a glasses case and breaks a rib. [1] [689.67] [1071.4]
- October 17
- Turkey declares war on Serbia and Bulgaria. [982.1104]
- October 18
- Italo-Turkish war ends. [1]
- Greece declares war on Turkey. [982.1104]
- October 19
- Tripoli (Libya) passes from Turkish to Italian control. [1]
- November 3
- First pilot shot down: Bulgarian pilot while making reconnaissance flight over Adrianople. [55.8]
- November 5
- USA Presidential election: Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) beats Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) and President Taft (Republican). [1] [1071.5]
- November 15
- Pacific Steam Navigation Company mail steamer Oravia sinks off Port Stanley, Falklands, after running aground on Billy Rock, November 12. [1148.538]
- November 27
- Albanian National Flag is adopted. [1]
- Spanish protectorate in Morocco is established. [1]
- November 28
- Albania declares independence (from Turkish Empire). [982.1104] [1377.34]
- December 3
- Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria sign weapons pact. [1] [982.1105]
- December 6
- China votes for universal human rights. [1]
- December 7
- Bust of Queen Nefertete is found in El-Amarna, Egypt. [1]
- December 16
- Austria-Hungary engage in conflict with Serbia. [1]
- December 18
- The Piltdown Man is found in the Piltdown Gravel Pit. (It is later determined to be a hoax.) [5]
- December 20
- Albania is recognized as independent state during Conference of Ambassadors in London, England [982.1105]
- December 21
- Sweden, Denmark, and Norway issue a declaration of agreement on principles of neutrality, pledging to notify each other of any departure from these principles. [1] [7]
- December 23
- Aswan Dam in Nile begins operation. [1]
- December 24
- Irving Fisher patents archiving system with index cards. [1]
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