References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2008 April 30.

1450 April 15 French defeat English at Battle of Formigny in 100 Years' War. [1] May 8 Jack Cade's Rebellion-Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI. [1] July 12 Jack Cade slain in a revolt against British King Henry VI. [1] October 5 Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Ludwig IX. [1] 1451 January 7 Amadeus VIII last anti-pope Felix V (1439-49), dies at 67. [1] January 14 Birth of Franchinus Gaffurius composer. [1] February 3 Murad II sultan of Turkey (1421-51), dies. [1] April 19 Alam Shah of Delhi resigns throne. [1] April 22 Birth of Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Spain (1479-1504), patron of Columbus. [1] May 17 Birth of Engelbert II earl of Nassau-Dillenburg-Dietz/viceroy of Luxembourg. [1] September 21 Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa orders Jews of Holland to wear a badge. [1] 1452 March 9 Pope Nicolaas I crowns Frederik III Roman Catholic-German emperor. [1] March 10 Birth of Ferdinand II the Catholic, King of Aragon/Sicily (expelled Jews). [1] March 19 Frederick III of Hapsburg crowned Roman German Emperor. [1] September 30 Johann Guttenberg prints his first book, the Bible, at his workshop in Mainz, Germany. [1] [37] 1453 January 6 Emperor Frederik III becomes archduke of Austria. [1] April 21 Turkish fleet sinks ships Golden Receiver in Constantinople. [1] May 29 Constantine XI Dragases last Byzantine Emperor, dies at 49. [1] Constantinople falls to Muhammad II (Turks); ends Byzantine Empire. [1] French banker Jacques Coeurs possessions confiscated. [1] December 24 John Dunstable English composer, dies. [1] 1454 April 9 Milan/Venice signs peace of Lodi. [1] August 22 Jews are expelled from Brunn Moravia by order of King Ladislaus. [1] 1455 January 8 Laurentius Justitianus [Lorenzo Giustiniani], saint, dies at 73. [1] February 18 Fra Angelico Italian monk/painter, dies. [1] March 24 Nicholas V [Tommaso Parentucelli] Italian Pope (1447-55), dies at 57. [1] Rudolf van Diepholt bishop/cardinal of Utrecht (1448-55), dies. [1] April 8 Alfonso de Borgia elected as Pope Callistus III. [1] May 3 Jews flee Spain. [1] May 22 Open battle in England's 30-year War of the Roses (Saint Albans). [1] Richard of York takes Saint Albans, kidnapping King Henry VI. [1] December 1 Lorenzo Ghiberti Italian sculptor, dies at 77. [1] 1456 March 1 Birth of Wladyslaw Jagiello king of Bohemia/Hungary (1471/90-1516). [1] March 30 Prince Louis of Bourbon elected bishop of Liege. [1] April 7 Louis van Burbon becomes prince-bishop of Luik. [1] May 1 Hugues de Lannoy Flemish viceroy of Holland/Zealand, dies. [1] June 9 23rd recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] August 24 The printing of the Gutenberg Bible is completed. [5] December 5 Earthquake strikes Naples; about 35,000 die. [1] 1457 July 2 Kristian of Oldenburg, King of Norway and Denmark, is elected King of Sweden, after agreeing to limitations on royal prerogative. [7] August 14 Oldest known exactly dated printed book (about three years after Gutenberg). [1] 1458 January 24 Matthias I Corvinus chosen king of Hungary. [1] March 2 Hussite George van Podiebrad chosen king of Bohemia. [1] March 25 Inigo López de Mendoza Spanish marquis of Santillana/poet, dies. [1] July 15 Death of Bl. Bernhard von Baden (born near Baden-Baden, 1428); margrave (Markgraf) of Baden. [37] 1459 March 3 Ausias March Catalan poet, dies. [1] May 2 Pierozzi Antoninus Italian archbishop of Florence/saint, dies. [1] May 12 Sun City India founded by Rao Jodhpur. [1] December 22 Birth of Djem Sultan son of Turks sultan Mehmed II. [1] 1460 March 6 Treaty of Alcacovas-Portugal gives Castile Canary Islands for West Africa. [1] April 4 University of Basle in Swizerland forms. [1] April 8 Birth of Ponce de León San Tervas de Campos Spain, Spanish conqueror/explorer, searched for fountain of youth, found Florida. [1] May 9 Court yard episcopal palace Atrecht has witch burnings. [1] Jean Lavite Atrechts painter, dies. [1] November 13 Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal, dies at age 66. [1] [5] 1461 February 2 Second battle of Saint Alban's-Lancastrians defeat Yorkists. [1] February 6 Birth of Dzore Drzic Croatian poet. [1] March 4 Battle at Towton: Duke Edward of York beats English queen Margaretha Edward IV recognized as king of England. [1] March 5 Henry VI is deposed by Duke of York during War of the Roses. [1] March 29 Battle near Towton Field, 33,000 die (War of the Roses). [1] July 22 Charles VII king of France (1422-61), dies at 58. [1] 1462 February 14 Birth of Edzard I Cirksena the Great, earl of East-Friesia (1494-1528). [1] April 22 Gilbert of Lannoy master of Villerval/Tronchiennes/Santes, dies. [1] June 27 Birth of Louis XII (the Just) king of France (1498-1515). [1] 1463 January 5 French poet François Villon banished from Paris. [1] January 17 Birth of Friedrich III (the Wise), Elector of Saxony in Torgau, Germany; protector of Martin Luther, patron of Albrecht Dürer, and Luchas Cranach the Elder, founded the University of Wittenberg in 1502. [1] [37] February 24 Birth of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Italy, scholar/platonist. [1] December 2 Albrecht VI archduke of Habsburg, dies. [1] December 3 Louis Chalon prince of Orange, dies. [1] 1464 January 9 First meeting of States-General of Netherlands. [1] April 23 Birth of Johanna van Valois Queen of France. [1] Birth of Robert Fayrfax composer. [1] 1465 February 4 Birth of French van Brederode leader of Hoeksen. [1] February 11 Birth of Elizabeth of York London, Consort of King Henry VII. [1] December 22 Peace of Saint Truiden: Louis van Bourbon becomes bishop of Luik. [1] 1466 February 14 First recorded lottery to involve buying of tickets and distribution of prize money, held in Bruges, Belgium, run to raise money for the poor of the town. [80.230] March 8 Francesco Sforza Italian condottiere/duke of Milan, dies at 64. [1] March 21 Birth of French van Brederode leader Hoeksen. [1] October 26 Birth of Desiderius Erasmus Holland, scholar/author (In Praise of Folly). [1] November 30 Birth of Andrea Doria Genoese statesman/admiral. [1] 1467 January 1 Birth of Sigismund I the old, king of Poland. [1] January 14 Birth of Henry van Stolberg and Wernigerode German Governor/Viceroy of Frisia. [1] January 30 Battle at Velke Kostolany Hung king Mátyás Corvinus beats Bratríci. [1] June 15 Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy, dies at 76. [1] 1468 February 3 Johann Gensfleisch Gutenberg printer, dies. [1] February 23 John Gutenberg German inventor (boekdrukkunst), dies. [1] February 29 Birth of Paul III last Renaissance pope (1534-49). [1] March 28 Birth of Charles I Duke of Savoy. [1] 1469 April 15 Birth of Nanak first guru of Sikhs. [1] May 3 Birth of Niccolò Machiavelli Italy, politician/writer (The Prince). [1] May 19 Birth of Giovanni della Robbia Italian sculptor. [1] May 31 Birth of Manuel I king of Portugal (1495-1521) during era of exploration. [1] October 19 Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, paving the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain. [5] December 3 Piero de' Medici ruler of Florence, dies at about 53. [1] 1470 May 15 King Karl Knutsson of Sweden dies. [7] May 20 Birth of Pietro Bembo cardinal/theologian. [1] June 30 Birth of Charles VIII king of France (1483-98), invaded Italy. [1] November 2 Birth of King Edward V of England (1483); deposed, murdered? by Richard III. [1] 1471 March 12 Dionysius the Carthusian/van Rijkel Dutch scholastic theologist, dies. [1] March 22 George van Podiebrad king of Bohemia (1458-71), dies. [1] March 24 Sir Thomas Malory author (Le Morte d'Arthur), dies at 55. [1] April 11 King Edward IV of England conquers London from Henry VI. [1] April 14 Battle of Barnet-King Edward IV vs Earl of Warwick. [1] Richard Neville Warwick second earl of Salisbury, dies at 42. [1] May 1 Thomas a Kempis spiritual writer (Navolging of Christ), dies at 91. [1] May 4 Battle of Tewkesbury - King Edward IV vs Ex-queen Margaretha. [1] May 20 Henry VI king of England (1422-61, 70-71)/France (1431-71), dies. [1] May 21 Birth of Albrecht Dürer Nürnberg Germany, Renaissance painter/print maker. [1] King Edwards IV enters London. [1] October 10 The Battle of Brunkeberg takes place, north of Stockholm, between forces of Sten Sture and Ivar Axelsson on one side, and forces of the Union King Kristian, German soldiers, and many Swedish nobles on the other. The Sture forces command a decisive victory. Danish King Kristian is forced to sail back to Denmark, and make peace. [7] December 17 Isabella of Portugal duchess of Burgundy, dies. [1] 1472 March 27 Janus Pannonius Hungarian poet/translator, dies at 37. [1] March 28 Birth of Fra Bartolomeo monk, Florentine Renaissance painter. [1] April 6 Pieter Bladelin Belgium, land owner (Middelburg castle), dies. [1] April 15 Leon B Alberti Italian humanist/architect (Philodoxis), dies at 68. [1] April 25 Leon Battista degli Alberti scupltor/musician (Dinner Pieces), dies. [1] May 31 Birth of Erardus van der Mark prince-bishop of Luik/cardinal. [1] 1473 January 24 Conrad Paumann German blind organist/composer, dies. [1] February 19 Birth of Nicolaus Copernicus in Torún, Poland (dies 1543); astronomer (heliocentrism). [1] [5] March 17 Birth of James IV king of Scotland (1488-1513). [1] 1474 February 12 Birth of Lorenzo Campeggi(o) archbishop of Bologna/diplomat. [1] March 21 Birth of Angela Merici Italian monastery founder/saint. [1] March 30 Duke Sigismund van Tirol ends contacts with Switzerland. [1] April 9 Breisach land guardian Peter von Hagenbach throws out Walloon/Italians. [1] May 9 Peter van Hagenbach Elzasser knight/land guardian, beheaded. [1] September 8 Birth of Ludovico Ariosto Italy, poet (Orlando Furioso). [1] December 12 Isabella crowns herself queen of Castile and Aragon. [1]