- April 20
- VOC-management sets new guidelines. [1]
- April 27
- Scottish General Montrose defeated. [1]
- April 30
- French rebel Henri de la Tour Turenne signs treaty with Spain. [1]
- May 20
- Francesco Sacrati composer, dies at age 44. [1]
- May 21
- James G Marquis of Montrose, Scottish general, hanged. [1]
- May 28
- Gilles Hayne composer, dies at age 59. [1]
- July 18
- Christoph Scheiner German astronomer, dies at age 74. [1]
- September 29
- Henry Robinson opens first marriage bureau (England). [1]
- December 21
- Johan de Witt installed as Dutch pension advisor of Dordrecht. [1]
1651
- January 1
- Charles II Stuart crowned king of Scotland. [1]
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- January 8
- Giovanni Battista Gagliano composer, dies at age 56. [1]
- January 13
- Abraham C Bloemaert painter/cartoonist/engraver, dies at age 86. [1]
- February 6
- Cardinal Mazarin flees Paris. [1]
- February 13
- Flemish missionary Joris van Geel departs to Congo. [1]
- March 5
- South Sea dike in Amsterdam breaks after storm. [1]
- March 31
- Great earthquake at Cuzco Peru. [1]
- July 24
- Anthony Johnson, a free black, receives grant of 250 acres in Virginia. [1]
- August 13
- Litchfield, Connecticut founded. [1]
- September 3
- Royalist forces under Charles II are defeated by Oliver Cromwell's forces. [413.92]
- December 18
- Francisco the Melo Portuguese/Spanish earl of Assumar, dies at age 54. [1]
- December 24
- John van Riebeeck departs to Cape of Good Hope. [1]
- December 25
- Massachusetts General Court ordered a fine (five shillings) for "observing any such day as Christmas". [1]
1652
- January 24
- Duke of Orléans joins Fronde rebels. [1]
- February 17
- Gregorio Allegri Italian singer/composer (Miserere), dies at about age 67. [1]
- March 21
- Vredius [Olivier de Wree], Flemish historian/mayor (Brugge), dies at age 55. [1]
- April 6
- Cape Colony, the first European settlement in South Africa, established by John of Riebeeck. [1]
- April 7
- Dutch establish settlement at Cape Town, South Africa. [1]
- April 21
- Pietro Della Valle composer, dies at age 66. [1]
- May 2
- Frederik Hendriks daughter Albertine Agnes marries Willem Frederik. [1]
- May 4
- Battle at Etampes: French army under Turenne beats Fronde rebels. [1]
- May 10
- John Johnson, a free black, is granted 550 acres in Northampton Virginia. [1]
- May 13
- Ingen Ryuki invited to become the abbot of Sofokuji temple in Nagasaki. [1]
- May 18
- Rhode Island enacts first law declaring slavery illegal. [1]
- May 19
- Spanish troops occupy Grevelingen. [1]
- May 27
- Jacques Huyn composer, dies at age 39. [1]
- May 29
- English Admiral Robert Blake drives out Dutch fleet under Lieutenant-Admiral Tromp. [1]
- June 11
- Massachusetts colony authorizes coins be struck for the colony. (Coins are struck sometime after this date, the first English colony on America to do so.) [679.101]
- October 29
- Massachusetts declares itself an independent commonwealth. [413.88]
- December 8
- Adriaan W "Joris" van Geel Flemish missionary, murdered at age 35. [1]
- December 10
- Sea battle at Dungeness: Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp beats English fleet. [1]
- December 23
- John Cotton Massachusetts Bay Puritan preacher, dies at age 68. [1]
1653
- February 2
- New Amsterdam becomes a city (later New York City, New York). [1]
- February 3
- Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris from exile. [1]
- February 7
- Nicolas Fouquet appointed superintendent of Finance of France. [1]
- February 16
- Johannes Schultz composer, dies at age 70. [1]
- February 19
- Luigi Rossi composer, dies. [1]
- February 20
- Defeat of Dutch fleet under Admiral Van Tromp by Admiral Blake off Portsmouth. [1]
- February 21
- Adriaen Pauw master of Heemstede/Dutch Grand Pensionary, dies at age 71. [1]
- February 28
- Three Day Sea battle English beats Dutch. [1]
- March 14
- Johan van Galen beats English fleet at Livorno. [1]
- March 17
- Johan van Galen Admiral (battle of Livorno), dies in battle at age 48. [1]
- March 23
- Johan van Galen Dutch Admiral (Dunes Monte Christo), dies at about age 48. [1]
- April 20
- Oliver Cromwell forcibly dissolves the Rump Parliament. [1] [1381.6]
- May 10
- John Bicker ship builder/merchant/regent, dies at age 61. [1]
- May 18
- Carel Reyniersz Governor-General (Netherlands East Indies), dies at age 48. [1]
- May 19
- Carel Reyniersz Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies, dies at age 48. [1]
- May 24
- German Parliament selects Ferdinand II king of Austria. [1]
- July 4
- Barebones Parliment goes into session in England. [1]
- August 8
- Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer establishes a postal service in Paris, France, under royal mandate of King Louis XIV. Users pre-purchase a receipt for postage paid wrapper for one sou, then date and attach the wrapper to their letter, and deposit it in a letter box for delivery. (Some consider this the first use of a pre-paid postage stamp.) [1135] [1180.178]
- August 10
- Death of Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp at Battle of Scheveningen, by English marksman. [857.26]
- December 12
- Barebone-parliament ends. [1]
- December 16
- Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. [1]
1654
- January 7
- Fire after heavy storm destroys 2/3 of De Rijp Netherlands, one dies. [1]
- January 17
- Paul Potter Dutch painter, buried. [1]
- January 26
- Portuguese troops conquer last Dutch base on Recife. [1]
- February 17
- Michael Lohr composer, dies at age 62. [1]
- March 21
- Johann Neukrantz composer, dies at age 51. [1]
- April 12
- England, Ireland and Scotland unite. [1]
- April 15
- England and Netherlands signs peace treaty. [1]
- April 21
- England and Sweden sign trade agreement. [1]
- April 26
- Jews are expelled from Brazil. [1]
- May 3
- Bridge at Rowley Massachusetts begins charging tolls for animals. [1]
- François van Kinschot treasurer-general/chancellor of Brabant, dies at age 77. [1]
- May 13
- Venetian fleet under Admiral Adeler beats Turkish. [1]
- June 6
- In Sweden, at the Riksdag in Uppsala Castle, Queen Kristina abdicates the throne. Karl X Gustav is declared new king. [7]
- June 7
- Louis XIV crowned king of France. [1]
- (month unknown)
- In Milano, Italy, a monk is reported killed by a meteorite. [521]
- November 21
- Richard Johnson, a free black, granted 550 acres in Virginia. [1]
1655
- January 7
- Innocentius X [Giambattista Pamfili], pope (1644-55), dies at age 80. [1]
- February 16
- Dutch Grand Pensionary advisor Johan de Witt marries Wendela Bicker. [1]
- March 25
- Christiaan Huygens discovers Titan, Saturn's largest moon. [1] [5]
- March 29
- Valerius Andreas Flemish historian, dies at age 66. [1]
- April 4
- Battle at Postage Farina, Tunis English fleet beats Barbarian pirates. [1]
- April 7
- Fabio Chigi replaces Pope Innocent X as Alexander VII. [1]
- April 14
- Johann Erasmus Kindermann composer, dies at age 39. [1]
- April 26
- Dutch West Indies Company denies Peter Stuyvesant's desire to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam. [1]
- April 28
- English Admiral Blake beats Tunen pirate fleet. [1]
- May 10
- Jamaica captured by English. [1]
- July 28
- Cyrano de Bergerac French dramatist/novelist, dies in Paris. [1]
- August 28
- New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bars Jews from military service. [1]
- September 7
- Tristan l'Hermite French dramatist/poet, dies (birth date unknown). [1]
- October 15
- Jews of Lublin are massacred. [1]
- October 24
- Pierre Gassendi French philosopher, dies at age 63. [1]
- December 4
- Middelburg Netherlands forbids building of synagogue. [1]
1656
- January 8
- Oldest surviving commercial newspaper begins (Haarlem, Netherlands). [1]
- January 17
- Brandenburg and Sweden sign Treaty of Königsberg. [1]
- January 24
- First Jewish doctor in US, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland. [1]
- February 20
- James Ussher Irish bible scholar/Anglican archbishop, dies at age 76. [1]
- February 22
- New Amsterdam granted a Jewish burial site. [1]
- February 27
- Johan van Heemskerk Dutch lawyer/writer/interpreter, dies. [1]
- March 13
- Jews are denied the right to build a synagogue in New Amsterdam. [1]
- March 21
- Armagh James Ussher Archbishop (said world began 4004 BC), dies at age 76. [1]
- April 10
- Dutch fleet occupiers Colombo Ceylon. [1]
- April 27
- Jan J van Goyen Dutch landscape painter, dies at age 60. [1]
- September 22
- All female jury hears case of woman who killed her child (acquit her). [1]
- October 3
- Myles Standish Plymouth Colony leader, dies (birth date unknown). [1]
- October 8
- Death of Johann Georg I in Dresden; elector of Saxony. [37]
- December 1
- Germany promises Poland aid against Sweden. [1]
- December 14
- Artificial pearls first manufactured by M Jacquin in Paris made of gypsum pellets covered with fish scales. [1]
1657
- February 4
- Oliver Cromwell grants residency to Luis Caravajal. [1]
- March 23
- France and England form alliance against Spain; England gets Dunkirk. [1]
- March 31
- English Humble Petition offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown. [1]
- April 2
- Ferdinand III King of Hungarian/Bohemia/German Emperor, dies at age 48. [1]
- April 3
- English Lord Protector Cromwell refuses crown. [1]
- April 20
- Battle in Santa Cruz Bay, Tenerife English fleet under Robert Blake sinks Spanish silver fleet. [1]
1658
- February 5
- Maria Margaretha van Angels Dutch prioress at Oirschot, dies at age 52. [1]
- February 26
- Denmark signs peace with Sweden at Roskilde, giving up Skåne, Blekinge, Bohuslän, island of Bornholm, and province of Trondheim in central Norway. [7]
- March 17
- Pro-Charles II plot in England discovered. [1]
- April 19
- Robert Rich second earl of Warwick English Lord High Admiral, dies at age 70. [1]
- May 24
- Battle of Dunes (Spanish-French War) fought. [1]
- September 3
- Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector of England, dies at age 59. [1] [5] [309.43]
- December 9
- Dutch troops occupy harbor city Quilon (Coilan) India. [1]
- December 26
- Simon Guillain French sculptor (Castle of Blois/Sorbonne), dies at age 78. [1]
1659
- January 14
- Battle at Elvas Portuguese beat Spanish. [1]
- January 24
- Pierre Corneille's "Oedipe" premieres in Paris. [1]
- February 16
- First known cheque, for £400 drawn on a British bank. [1] [55.34]
- April 22
- Lord protector Oliver Cromwell disbands English parliament. [1]
- May 22
- France, England and Netherlands sign "Hedges Concerto" treaty. [1]
- May 25
- Richard Cromwell resigns as English Lord Protector. [1]
- May 31
- Netherlands, England and France sign Treaty of The Hague. [1]
- November 5
- In Italy, an earthquake occurs, killing over 2,000 and inflicting severe damage. [53]
- December 16
- General Monck demands free parliamentary election in Scotland. [1]
- December 26
- Long Parliament reforms in Westminster. [1]
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