References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2008 April 30.

1200 January 19 Birth of Dogen Kigen Japan, Zen teacher, first patriarch of the Japanese Soto. [1] May 22 Peace of Goulet. [1] October 28 Birth of St. Ludwig IV von Thüringen. [37] 1201 March 31 Absalon Asserssön Danish archbishop of Lund/statesman, dies. [1] 1202 March 13 Mieszko III the Elder, grand duke of Poland (1173-77, 1200-02), dies. [1] March 30 Joachim Van Fiore Italian religious founder (Joachimism), dies. [1] April 28 King Philip II throws out John without Country, from France. [1] 1204 February 1 Alexius IV Angelus regent of Byzantium (1203-04), murdered. [1] April 1 Eleanor of Aquitaine wife of Louis VII and Henry II, dies at 81. [1] April 12 4th Crusade occupies and plunders Constantinople. [1] April 13 Crusaders occupy Constantinople. [1] December 12 Maimonides [Moses Ben Maimon] Jewish philosopher/talmudic scholar, dies in Cairo at 69. [1] 1205 March 6 Aken, [Philips van Zwaben], crowned Roman-Catholic German King. [1] April 1 Amalrik II King of Cyprus/Jerusalem, dies. [1] April 15 Battle at Adrianople Bulgaria beats Emperor Boudouin of Constantinople. [1] May 7 Ladislaus III Arpad King of Hungary (1204-05), dies at 5 or 6. [1] 1207 October 1 Birth of Henry III king of England (1216-72). [1] 1208 January 15 Peter of Castelnau French nobleman, murdered. [1] February 24 Saint Francis of Assisi, 26, received his vocation in Portiuncula Italy. [1] 1209 March 12 Djamal al-din Abu Mohammed Iljas Nizami Persian poet, dies. [1] 1210 October 3 Hermann von Salza is elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. [37] November 1 King John of England begins imprisoning Jews. [1] 1211 February 12 Birth of Henry VII Roman catholic German king (1220-35). [1] March 27 Sancho I King of Portugal (1185-1211), dies at 56. [1] 1212 June 25 Simon de Montfort a leader of the crusades, dies at 67. [1] July 16 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Muslim power in Spain. [1] December 5 Derek II of Are Bishop of Utrecht (1197-1212), dies. [1] December 9 Frederik II crowns himself Roman Catholic king. [1] 1213 February 22 Wibert of Gembloers benediction/writer/abbot of Gembloers, dies. [1] May 15 English king John names Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury. [1] December 17 Jean de Matha French saint, dies at 53. [1] 1214 January 8 Earl Ferrand of Flanders drops ties with France. [1] April 25 Birth of Louis IX king of France (1226-70). [1] April 30 Huguccio/Hugo van Pisa Italian bishop, dies. [1] 1215 May 12 English barons serve ultimatum on king John without Country. [1] June 15 King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede, England. [1] November 11 4th Lateran Council (12th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. [1] 1216 May 21 French crown prince Louis enters England. [1] June 16 Innocent III pope, dies at 54. [1] December 22 Pope Honorius III delegates degree "Religiosam vitam eligentibus". [1] 1217 February 18 Alexander Neckum de Sancto Albano English encyclopedist, dies at 59. [1] 1218 May 1 Birth of Rudolf I in Limburg-im-Breisgau (Germany); first King of the Germans from the Habsburg dynasty. [37] 1219 January 16 Floods in Northern Netherlands after storm, 1,000s killed. [1] June 15 King Valdemar brought victory for Denmark. [1] 1220 April 15 Adolf I archbishop of Cologne, dies. [1] April 26 German king Frederick II grants bishops sovereign rights. [1] May 30 Birth of Alexander Nevski [Aleksandr] Russian great ruler (1252-63). [1] 1221 November 23 Birth of Alfonso X (the Wise) king of Castile and Leon (1252). [1] 1222 February 4 Willem I earl of Holland (1203-22), dies. [1] March 30 Birth of Nichiren Japan, Buddhist priest/saint. [1] 1223 March 25 Afonso II third King of Portugal (1211-23), dies at 36. [1] December 25 Saint Francis of Assisi assembles first Nativity scene (Greccio, Italy). [1] 1227 January 6 Ferrand of Portugal freed from the Louvre. [1] March 18 Honorius III [Cencio Savelli], Pope (1216-27), dies. [1] March 19 Count Ugolino of Segna elected Pope Gregory IX. [1] August 18 Genghis Khan Mongol conqueror, died. [1] September 11 Death of St. Ludwig IV von Thüringen, during the Crusades. [37] 1228 April 25 Birth of Koenraad IV Roman Catholic German king (1237-54). [1] 1229 January 17 Albert bishop of Riga/founder (Sword Knights), dies at about 68. [1] March 18 German emperor Frederick II crowns himself king of Jerusalem. [1] April 4 Hugo van Pierrepont bishop of Liege, dies. [1] April 12 Queen Blanche of Castilië and earl Raymond VII van Toulouse sign peace. [1] 1230 December 15 Ottokar I king of Bohemia (1197-1230), dies. [1] 1231 November 17 Death of St. Elisabeth von Thüringen (born 1207 in Hungary); devoted to caring for the sick, most notably lepers. [37] 1233 December 28 The Charter of Culm is issued by the Teutonic Knights as a part of their efforts to colonize Prussia. The charter granted settlers civic freedoms including the right to elect local judges, the right to free travel, and the right to hereditary possession of land and buildings, guarantees against excessive taxation, and against quartering troops in private homes. [37] 1235 January 2 Emperor Joseph II orders Jews of Galicia Austria to adopt family names. [1] 1236 January 14 English king Henry III marries Eleonora of Provence. [1] Sava [Rastko] son of Serbia's king/saint, dies at 64. [1] December 23 Philippus Cancellarius French theologist/poet (Summa Cum Laude), dies. [1] 1237 January 14 Saint Sava son of Serbia's king, dies. [1] February 13 Jordanus of Saxon second general of Dominicans, drowns. [1] March 23 Jan of Brienne King of Jerusalem/Emperor of Constantinople, dies. [1] May 12 The crusading order, "The Swordbrothers" is incorporated into the order, "The Teutonic Knights" by decree of Pope Gregory. [37] 1238 May 1 Birth of Magnus VI Lagabuter King of Norway (1263-80). [1] 1239 March 20 Death of Hermann von Salza in Salerno, Italy (born in Thüringen, Germany, about 1170); Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. [37] June 17 Birth of Edward I king of England (1272-1307). [1] 1240 April 11 Llywelyn ab Iorwerth the Great monarch of Wales (1194-1240), dies. [1] April 14 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth Prince of Wales, dies. [1] December 6 Mongols under Batu Khan occupy and destroy Kiev. [1] 1241 April 9 Battle of Liegnitz - Mongol armies defeat Poles and Germans. [1] April 13 Battle at Theiss Mongols beat Hungarian King Béla IV. [1] May 25 First attack on Jewish community of Frankfort-on-the-Main Germany. [1] 1242 February 12 Hendrik VII Roman Catholics German king (1220-35), commits suicide. [1] April 5 Alexander Nevsky of Novgorod defeats Teutonic Knights. [1] Battle on the More of Pskov Estonia. [1] 1243 October 15 Death of St. Hedwig von Schliesen (born 1174 in Bavaria); she dedicated herself to the spread of Christianity, care for the poor and sick and the founding of womens' monasteries. [37] 1244 December 5 Johanna of Constantinople countess of Flanders (1205-44), dies. [1] 1245 February 8 Johannes de Rupella/de la Rochelle French theologist, dies. [1] May 1 Birth of Philippe III Poissy Yvelines France, King of France (1270-85). [1] June 28 First Council of Lyons (13th ecumenical council) opens. [1] 1247 February 16 Hendrik Raspe [Papenking], count of Thüringen, dies. [1] February 25 Hendrik IV duke of Limburg/earl of Bergen (1226-47), dies. [1] 1248 February 1 Hendrik II duke of Brabant (1235-48), dies. [1] May 15 Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden lays cornerstone for Köln (Cologne) cathedral. [1] [37] August 14 Construction is begun on the gothic cathedral in Cologne. [1] [37] 1249 December 25 Peter Nolascus, Spanish monastery founder/Saint, dies. [1] 1250 April 7 Death of St. Hermann Joseph von Steinfeld (born about 1150 in Cologne). [37] April 15 Pope Innoncent III refuses Jews of Cordova Spain to build a synagogue. [1] May 2 Toeransa sultan of Egypt, murdered. [1] December 13 Frederick II German Emperor (1212-1250), dies at 55. [1] 1252 March 25 Birth of Konradijn Hohenstaufen [Koenrad van Zwaben], son of Konrad IV. [1] [37] April 6 Peter of Verona [Peter Martyr] Italian inquisitor/st, dies at 45. [1] May 30 Ferdinand III the holy King of Castilië/León, dies. [1] 1253 April 22 Elias van Cortona Italian General (1232-39), dies at about 53. [1] April 28 Utrecht destroyed by fire. [1] July 23 Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III. [1] October 9 Grosseteste an English scholar, dies at 78. [1] 1254 May 21 Koenraad IV Roman Catholic-German king (1237-54), dies at 26. [1] December 7 Innocent IV [Sinibaldo dei Fieschi] Pope (1243-54), dies. [1] 1256 January 28 Willem II Earl of Holland/German emperor (1238, 47-56), dies at 22. [1] 1258 March 26 Floris the Guardian, count-regent of Holland, dies. [1] April 5 Julian of Cornillon/Liege Flemish visionary/saint, dies. [1] 1259 May 28 Christoffel I King of Denmark, dies. [1] December 4 Treaty of Paris: English king Henry III and French king Louis IX. [1] 1260 February 19 Boniface of Lausanne, Belgian bishop/saint, dies. [1] March 1 Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis, conquerors Damascus. [1] 1261 February 28 Hendrik duke of Brabant (1248-61), dies. [1] May 25 Alexander IV [Rinaldo dei conti di Segni] Pope (1254-61), dies. [1] 1262 January 28 Flemish/Dutch coast ravaged by north western storm. [1] November 28 Shinran founder of Japan's True Pure Land Buddhist sect, dies. [1] 1263 March 19 Hugo of St-Cher/a S Caro French cardinal, dies. [1] August 19 King James I or Argon censors Hebrew writings. [1] December 12 Hakon IV Gamli, King of Norway (1217-63), dies. [1] 1264 May 14 Baron's War fought in England. [1] Battle at Lewes: Simon van Leicester beats English king Henry III. [1] August 5 Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt Germany. [1] October 2 Pope Urban IV (1261-64), dies (birth date unknown). [1] October 3 Comet said to predict the death of Pope Urban IV is last seen. [1] 1265 January 20 First English Parliament called into session by Earl of Leicester. [1] January 23 First English Parliament formally convened (some authorities). [1] May 9 Birth of Dante Alighieri Italian poet (Divina Commedia). [1] August 4 Simon de Montfort English baron, dies in battle. [1] 1266 February 26 Battle of Benevento. [1] Manfred bastard son of Emperor Frederik II/king of Sicily, dies. [1] 1267 February 9 Synod of Breslau orders Jews of Silesia to wear special caps. [1] May 10 Vienna's church orders all Jews to wear a distinctive garb. [1] September 1 Ramban (Nachmanides) arrives in Jerusalem to establish Jew community. [1] 1268 October 29 Death of Konradin (Konrad der jüngere), beheaded in the marketplace in Naples, Italy (born in Wolfstein, Germany). [37] 1270 April 5 Ramban Nachmanides Talmudic scholar (Hiddushei Ha-Ramden), dies. [1] October 30 8th and last crusade is launched. [1] 1271 January 10 Otto II the Lame, Earl of Gelre, dies. [1] September 17 Birth of Wenceslas II king of Bohemia and Poland (1278-1305). [1] 1272 March 14 Re Enzo Italian poet/son of Emp Frederik II von Hohenstaufen, dies. [1] April 17 Zita/Cita Italian maid/saint, dies at about 59. [1] November 20 Edward I proclaimed King of England. [1] 1273 October 24 Rudolf I is crowned in Aachen as the German King. [37] 1274 March 7 Saint Thomas Aquinas Italian thelogian dies at 48. [1] May 7 Second Council of Lyons (14th ecumenical council) opens. [1] July 11 Birth of Robert the Bruce Scotland, King (1328-1329). [1] 1275 January 6 Raymundus of Peñafort Spanish church law scholar, dies. [1] March 4 Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the sun. [5] May 23 King Edward I of England orders cessation of persecution of French Jews. [1] 1276 January 10 Gregorius X [Tedaldo Visconti], pope, dies. [1] January 21 Pierre de Tarantaise elected Pope Innocent V. [1] 1277 May 1 Stefanus IV Uros I de Great King of Serbia (1243-76), dies. [1] May 20 John XXI [Petrus Juliani/Hispanus] Port Pope (1276-77), dies. [1] 1278 May 10 Jews of England imprisoned on charges of coining. [1] November 17 680 Jews arrested (293 hanged) in England for counterfeiting coins. [1] 1279 February 16 Afonso III King of Portugal (1248-79), dies. [1] 1280 May 9 Magnus VI Lagaboeter King of Norway (1263-80), dies at 42. [1] November 15 Death of Albertus Magnus (Albert von Bollstädt) in Cologne (born about 1200); German scholar. [1] [37] 1281 February 22 Simon de Brion elected Pope Martinus IV. [1] May 27 Flemish Earl Gwijde Dampierre takes financial responsibility of Brugge. [1] 1282 March 30 Furious inhabitants of Palermo attack French occupation force. [1] December 11 Llywelyn ab Gruffydd monarch of North Wales (1246-77), dies. [1] Michael VIII Paleologus, Byzantine emperor (1259-82), dies. [1] 1283 April 1 Birth of Ludwig IV of Baveria Roman Catholic Bavarian emperor (1314-47). [1] 1284 April 4 Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Castilië/León (1252-84), dies at 62. [1] April 25 Birth of Edward II king of England (1307-27). [1] June 26 According to legend, the Pied Piper lures 130 children away from Hamelin. [5] 1285 January 7 Charles I of Anjou king of Naples/brother of King Louis IX, dies at 58. [1] March 28 Martinus IV [Simon de Brion], Pope (1281-85), dies. [1] October 12 180 Jews refuse baptism in Munich Germany, they are set on fire. [1] December 6 Birth of Ferdinand V king of Castile and León. [1] 1287 April 3 Honorius IV [Giacomo Savelli], Italian Pope (1285-87), dies. [1] December 14 Zuider Zee seawall collapses with loss of 50,000 lives. [1] 1288 February 22 Girolamo Masci elected Pope Nicolas IV. [1] April 24 Jews of Yroyes France are accused of ritual murder. [1] June 16 A shareholders' company is formed to safeguard mining of the Falu Copper Mine in Sweden. (This is the earliest recorded reference to the Stora Kopparberg mine, and the first company in recorded history to issue public shares.) [7] 1289 October 4 Birth of Louis X (the Stubborn) king of France (1314-16). [1] 1290 July 12 Jews are expelled from England by order of King Edward I. [1] September 22 Birth of Bilbo Baggins (in Shire Reconning). [1] September 27 Earthquake in Gulf of Chili China, reportedly kills 100,000. [1] December 18 Magnus I Ladulås [Barn Bolt] king of Sweden (1277-90), dies. [1] 1291 February 8 Birth of Afonso IV King of Portugal (1325-57). [1] March 5 Sa'ad al'Da'ulah Jewish grand vizier of Persia, assassinated. [1] May 10 Scottish nobles recognize authority of English king Edward I. [1] May 18 Sultan of Egypt and his son take last Christian stronghold of Acre. [1] July 15 Death of Rudolf I in Limburg-im-Breisgau, Germany; first King of the Germans from the Habsburg dynasty. [37] August 1 Everlasting League forms, basis of Swiss Confederation (National Day). [1] 1292 April 4 Nicholas IV [Girolamo Masci] Pope (1288-92), dies. [1] June 24 Graf Adolf von Nassau is crowned German King at Aachen. [37] December 8 John Peckham English archbishop of Canterbury, dies at 62. [1] December 9 Sa'di great Persian poet (Orchard, Rose Garden), dies. [1] 1293 May 20 Earthquake strikes Kamakura Japan, 30,000 killed. [1] 1294 February 1 Louis II the Stern, ruler of Upper-Bayern, dies. [1] May 3 Jan I duke of Brabant/Limburg/poet, dies. [1] John II becomes duke of Brabant/Limburg. [1] June 30 Jews are expelled from Berne Switzerland. [1] December 10 Pope Coelestinus V becomes Pope (until December 13th). [1] December 13 Pope Coelestinus V ends term. [1] December 24 Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani chosen as Pope Boniface VIII. [1] 1295 March 21 Birth of Heinrich von Berg [Seuse] in Konstanz, Germany; mystic. [37] April 25 Sancho IV the Brave, scholar/king of Castile/León, dies. [1] 1296 January 9 Earl Floris V signs accord with French king. [1] February 24 Pope Boniface VIII degree Clericis Iaicos. [1] May 19 Celestine V [Pietro del Murrone] Pope (1294), dies. [1] 1297 April 17 Willem van Afflighem Flemish poet/abbot Saint Truiden, dies at about 86. [1] 1298 March 14 Petrus Johannis Olivi South France theologist, dies. [1] July 2 Death of Graf Adolf von Nassau near Worms, Germany; King of the Germans until deposed by the Habsburg, Albert I. [37] July 22 English defeat Scots at Battle of Falkirk. [1] July 23 Jews are massacred at Wurzburg Germany. [1] October 19 Rindfleish-140 Jews of Heilbron Germany are murdered. [1] 1299 November 19 Death of St. Mechtilde von Hackeborn (born about 1241 near Halle (Germany)). [37]