References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2008 June 28.

1840 January 3 Birth of Father Joseph Damien de Veuster Belgium, helped lepers in Hawaii. [1] January 5 Birth of John Doby Kennedy Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1896. [1] January 18 Birth of Austin Dobson England, poet/critic/biographer. [1] Birth of Ernst Rudorff composer. [1] January 21 Birth of Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake pioneer English woman physician. [1] January 23 Birth of Ernst Abbe Germany, physicist (Carl Zeiss Optics Company). [1] January 28 Birth of Édouard Vaillant French socialist politician/communard. [1] February 2 Birth of Louis Bourgault-Ducoudray composer. [1] February 5 Birth of Hiram Stevens Maxim inventor (automatic single-barrel rifle). [1] Birth of John Boyd Dunlop in Scotland; developer (pneumatic rubber tire). [1] [5] February 11 Birth of Sanuel Dana Greene Lieutenant Commander (Union Navy), died in 1884. [1] February 13 Birth of Georg Jacobi composer. [1] February 22 Birth of F August Bebel German social-democrat. [1] February 23 Birth of Carl Menger Austrian economist. [1] February 25 Birth of Alexis Hollander composer. [1] Birth of Otto Liebmann German philosopher (Climax of Theories). [1] February 29 Birth of John Philip Holland Liscannor Ireland, pioneer in submarine building. [1] March 5 Birth of Constance Fenimore Woolson Claremont New Hampshire, writer (Jupiter Lights). [1] March 8 Birth of Franco Faccio Italian composer/conductor. [1] March 11 Birth of Edmund Kirby Jr Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1863. [1] March 26 Birth of Carli Zoeller composer. [1] Birth of George Smith London England, assyriologist (cuneiform (script)). [1] March 28 Birth of Mehemed Emin Pasja German explorer/Governor (Equatoria). [1] March 31 Birth of John Herbert Kelly Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] April 2 Birth of Émile Zola France, novelist (Nana, J'Accuse). [1] April 11 Birth of John Conrad Nordqvist composer. [1] April 12 Birth of Edmond Audran composer. [1] April 19 Birth of Andrea Bezzola writer. [1] April 20 Birth of Odilon Redon French painter/author (La nuit, Rêves). [1] April 21 Birth of Franz Xaver Haberl German priest/musicologist (Magister choralis). [1] April 25 Birth of James Dearing Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1865. [1] April 27 Birth of Edward Whymper first to climb Matterhorn (1865). [1] May 2 Birth of Theodor Herzl founded Zionist movement. [1] May 7 Birth of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Votkinsk Russia, composer (The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, 1812 Overture). [1] May 11 Birth of Filippo Capocci composer. [1] May 13 Birth of Alphonse Daudet French writer (Tartarin of Tarascon). [1] May 24 Birth of Frederick Walker painter. [1] May 29 Birth of Hans Makart Austrian painter (Plague in Florenz). [1] June 2 Birth of Thomas Hardy England, poet/novelist (Mayor of Casterbridge). [1] July 25 Birth of Flora Adams Darling founded Daughters of American Revolution. [1] August 17 Birth of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt England, writer (Irish Land League). [1] September 27 Birth of Alfred Thayer Mahan US, naval officer (Influence of Sea Power). [1] Birth of Thomas Nast political cartoonist of late 1800s America. [1] October 5 Birth of John Addington Symonds British historian/writer (Probs in Greek Ethics). [1] October 12 Birth of Helena Modjeska Poland, Shakespearian actress (Juliet)/anti-Russian. [1] November 12 Birth of Auguste Rodin France, sculptor (Kiss, Thinker). [1] November 14 Birth of Claude Monet France, impressionist (Water Lilies). [1] December 4 Crazy Horse is born (dies 1877). [5] December 7 Birth of Hermann Goetz composer. [1] December 11 Birth of Kemal Bey Turkey, poet/author (Fatherland-1872). [1] December 17 Birth of Christian Frederik Emil Horneman composer. [1] December 21 Birth of Mehmed N Kemal Turkish journalist (Vatan). [1] 1841 January 11 Birth of Otto von Gierke in Settin, Germany; professor of legal philosophy. [37] January 14 Birth of Berthe M P Morisot French painter/aquarellist. [1] January 15 Birth of Lord Frederick Stanley presenter of hockey's Stanley Cup. [1] January 18 Birth of Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier France, composer (Le Roi Malgré Lui). [1] January 25 Birth of John Arbuthnot Fisher Ceylon, first Baron Fisher/admiral of the fleet. [1] January 28 Birth of Henry Stanley England, journalist/explorer (found Livingston in Africa). [1] Birth of Viktor Ernst Nessler composer. [1] January 30 Birth of Alfred Townsend George Civil War journalist, died in 1914. [1] February 1 Birth of William H H Davenport Buffalo, stage medium. [1] February 4 Birth of Clément Ader French inventor (first to fly a heavier-than-air craft). [1] February 10 Birth of Walter Parratt composer. [1] February 12 Birth of Gijsbert van Tienhoven Dutch mayor (Amsterdam)/foreign minister. [1] February 18 Birth of Samuel Prowse Warren composer. [1] February 19 Birth of Felipe Pedrell composer. [1] February 25 Birth of Pierre Auguste Renoir Limoges France, Impressionist painter/sculptor. [1] February 26 Birth of Evelyn Baring Earl Cromer English Consul-General (Egypt). [1] February 27 Birth of [Eleanor] Agnes Lee daughter of US General Robert E Lee. [1] March 1 Birth of Blanche Kelso Bruce Farmville Virginia, (Senator-Mississippi, 1875-1881). [1] Birth of Romualdo Marenco composer. [1] March 3 Birth of John Murray Canada oceanographer (Depths of the Ocean). [1] March 4 Birth of Kristian Mandrup Elster Norwegian author (And fremmed Fugl). [1] March 7 Birth of Olegario Víctor Andrade Argentina, poet (El nido de cóndores). [1] March 8 Birth of Oliver Wendell Holmes Massachusetts, 59th Supreme Court justice (1902-32). [1] April 2 Birth of Clément Ader French engineer. [1] April 7 Birth of Alfred Cogniaux Belgian botanicus. [1] Birth of Joseph H "Jozef" Neuhuys painter. [1] April 25 Birth of Pauline Lucca soprano. [1] April 26 Birth of Wilhelm Scherer German literature historian. [1] May 11 Birth of Ernst von Possart German actor/stage manager/reciter. [1] May 15 Birth of Giovanni Bolzoni composer. [1] May 20 Birth of Sara Louisa Oberholtz social reformer, anti-smoking advocate. [1] May 21 Birth of Joseph Parry composer. [1] May 24 Birth of Charles Napier Henry painter. [1] Birth of Tito Mattei pianist/composer. [1] May 28 Birth of Giovanni Sgambati composer. [1] July 31 Birth of George Melville polar explorer, naval engineer. [1] August 25 Birth of Theodor Kocher Swiss surgeon, thyroid specialist (Nobel Prize 1909). [1] September 8 Birth of Antonín Dvorák Nelahozeves, Czech, composer (New World Symphony). [1] September 28 Birth of Georges Clemenceau France, statesman/Prime Minister (defended Dreyfuss). [1] November 9 Birth of Edward VII king of England (1901-10). [1] November 12 Birth of Lord Rayleigh England, physicist/chancellor of Cambridge (1908-14). [1] November 20 Birth of Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Liberal) 7th Canadian Prime Minister (1896-1911). [1] December 20 Birth of Ferdinand-Èdouard Buisson France, educator (Nobel Peace Prize 1927). [1] 1842 January 2 Birth of Amy G C A Bonet-Maury French reformed theologist. [1] January 6 Birth of Clarence King mining engineer (geologist). [1] January 7 Birth of Johan Lindegren composer. [1] January 11 Birth of William James US, psychologist/philosopher. [1] January 12 Birth of François Coppée French poet. [1] January 15 Birth of Josef Breuer in Vienna, Austria; initiated psychoanalysis which Freud later developed. [37] January 17 Birth of Anton G van Hamel founder (Roman Philology in Netherlands). [1] January 22 Birth of Charles Henri Marechal composer. [1] February 3 Birth of Sidney Clopton Lanier US, composer/poet (Hall of Fame). [1] February 4 Birth of Georg Brandes [Morris Cohen], Danish literary-historian/critic. [1] Birth of Vasili O Klyutshevski Russian historian. [1] February 7 Birth of Alexandre Ribit premier (France). [1] February 22 Birth of Carl Rosa Hamburg Germany, founder (Rosa opera company). [1] Birth of Léon Vanderkindere Belgian historian/mayor (Ukkel). [1] February 24 Birth of Arrigio Enrico Boito composer. [1] February 25 Birth of Karl May German writer (Old Shatterhand/Winnetou). [1] February 26 Birth of Camille Flammarion Mars researcher and popularizer of astronomy. [1] March 7 Birth of Anne van Diest Belgian physician/feminist. [1] March 10 Birth of Ina Donna Coolbrith US, poet laureate of California. [1] March 18 Birth of Stéphane Mallarmé French poet (L'Après-midi d'un faune). [1] March 22 Birth of Carl A N Rosa German violinist/composer. [1] Birth of Mykola Vytal'yevich Lysenko composer. [1] March 30 Birth of John Fiske [Edmund Fisk Green] US historian/philosopher. [1] April 3 Birth of Ulric Dahlgren Colonel (Union volunteers), died in 1864. [1] April 14 Birth of Sven August Korling composer. [1] April 18 Birth of Antero Tarquinio de Quental Portugal, poet (Beatrice). [1] April 25 Birth of Antonio Fogazzarro Italian writer/poet (Il santo/Leila). [1] April 28 Birth of Louis of Orleans Earl of Brazil (1870-89). [1] April 29 Birth of Karl Millöcker Austria conductor/composer (Beggar Student). [1] May 5 Birth of Johann Nepomuk Fuchs composer. [1] May 8 Birth of Emil C Hansen Danish physiologist. [1] May 12 Birth of Jules Emile Fred Massenet Montaud France, composer (Manon, Le Cid). [1] May 13 Birth of Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan London England, composer (Gilbert and Sullivan). [1] June 24 Birth of Ambrose Bierce US, satirist (Devil's Dictionary). [1] July 24 Birth of Ambrose Bierce Ohio, writer (Nuggets and Dust). [1] October 28 Birth of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson orator (Joan of Arc of the Civil War). [1] November 12 In Landford Grove, Essex, England, Lord Rayleigh is born. [53] November 14 Birth of Walter Williams claimed to be last survivor of Civil War (d 1959). [1] December 3 Birth of Ellen Henrietta Richards US, chemist (American Home Economics Association-first president). [1] December 7 Birth of Otto Ammon German anthropologist/sociologist (schedelmetingen). [1] December 9 Birth of Pjotr A Kopotkin Russian ruler/anarchist. [1] December 15 Birth of Henry Gadsby composer. [1] December 17 Birth of Marius Sophus Lie Norwegian mathematician (continous groups). [1] December 22 Birth of Jose Maria de Heredia Cuba, French sonnet poet. [1] Birth of Nicola d' Arienzo composer. [1] December 28 Birth of Calixa Lavallee composer. [1] 1843 January 1 Birth of Nikolay Nikolayevich Lodizhensky composer. [1] January 9 Birth of Christiaan A Ulder Curaçao, composer (waltzes/tumbas). [1] January 20 Birth of Pierre-Paul Cambon French diplomat (Madrid, Constantinople, London). [1] January 23 Birth of Hans Heinrich XIV Hochberg composer. [1] January 29 Birth of William McKinley in Niles, Ohio; (Republican) 25th American President (1897-1901) (dies 1901). [1] [5] February 19 Birth of Adelina Patti Madrid Spain, operatic coloratura (Lucia). [1] February 22 Birth of Affonso de Escragnolle Taunay France/Brazil writer (Inocencia). [1] February 24 Birth of [Joaquim] Theófilo F Braga Portuguese poet/author/politician. [1] March 5 Birth of William F Sudds composer. [1] March 6 Birth of Artur Napoleao dos Santos composer. [1] March 8 Birth of Per Jonas Fredrik Vilhelm Svedbom composer. [1] March 18 Birth of Jules Vandenpeereboom premier of Belgium (1899). [1] April 1 Birth of Ludwig Enneccerus German jurist. [1] April 4 Birth of Hans Richter Györ (Raab/Gyoer) Hungary, conductor (Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra). [1] Birth of Hans Richter composer. [1] April 8 Birth of Asger Hamerik [Hammerich], composer. [1] April 14 Birth of Gustave Leon Huberti composer. [1] April 15 Birth of Carl Eilhardt composer. [1] Birth of Henry James New York City, New York, US/British writer/critic (Turn of the Screw, Bostonians). [1] May 2 Birth of Carl Michael Ziehrer composer. [1] Birth of Elijah McCoy; black inventor, granted over 50 patents including a lubricator for steam engines ("the Real McCoy") (born 1929). [5] (1844 [1]) May 6 Birth of Grove Karl Gilbert geologist, investigated Lake Bonneville UT. [1] May 9 Birth of Belle Boyd spy (Confederate)/actress/lecturer. [1] May 10 Birth of Benito Pérez Galdós Spain, novelist (Fountain of Gold, Nazáarin). [1] Birth of Kaufmann Kohler reform rabbi/theologian. [1] May 13 Birth of Count Paul J Smet de Naeyer Belgian politician. [1] May 21 Birth of Louis Renault French lawyer. [1] May 23 Birth of Pedro Miguel Marques y Garcia composer. [1] May 29 Birth of Emile Pessard composer. [1] June 7 Birth of Susan Elizabeth Blow US, pioneered kindergarten education. [1] June 9 Birth of Bertha von Suttner Austria, novelist/pacifist (Nobel Prize 1905). [1] June 15 Birth of Edvard Grieg Bergen Norway, composer (Bewitched One). [1] July 7 Birth of Camillo Golgi Italy, physician, cytologist (Nobel Prize 1906). [1] October 25 Birth of Gleb Uspensky Russia, author (Power of the Soil). [1] December 6 Birth of Albert de Vriendt Flemish historical painter/etcher. [1] December 9 Birth of P Paul Leroy-Beaulieu French economist (Economiste Français). [1] December 11 Birth of Robert Koch German bacteriologist (TB, cholera, Nobel Prize 1905). [1] December 13 Birth of George Stephanescu composer. [1] December 29 Birth of Elisabeth queen of Romania/poet (Rumänische Dichtungen). [1] 1844 January 4 Birth of Thomas H Rollinson composer. [1] January 7 Birth of Marie-Bernarde Soubirous [St Bernadette of Lourdes], saint/visionary. [1] January 14 Birth of Clara Kathleen Rogers composer. [1] January 20 Birth of Johan Peter Selmer composer. [1] January 25 Birth of Frederick E Kitziger composer. [1] January 30 Birth of Moritz F Freiherr von Bissing German General/Governor-General of Belgium (1914-17). [1] February 1 Birth of Eduard Adolf Strasburger German botanist (Angiospermen). [1] Birth of Granville Stanley Hall US, psychologist. [1] February 2 Birth of Leander Schlegel composer. [1] February 17 Birth of A Montgomery Ward founded mail-order business (Montgomery Ward). [1] February 18 Birth of Willem Maris Dutch painter (Hague School). [1] February 20 Birth of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann Austria, physicist (statistical mechanics). [1] Birth of Mihály von Munkácsy [Michael von Lieb], Hungarian painter. [1] February 21 Birth of Charles-Marie Widor Lyons France, composer/professor (Paris Conservatory). [1] February 22 Birth of Kazamierz Julian Kratzer composer. [1] March 2 Birth of Hermanus J A M Schaepman clergyman/Dutch politician. [1] March 4 Birth of Josip Jurcic Slovenian writer (10th Brother). [1] March 7 Birth of Anthony Comstock New Canaan Connecticut, anti-vice crusader/philatelist. [1] March 10 Birth of Pablo Martin M de Sarasate y Navascuez composer (Spanish Dancing). [1] March 14 Birth of King Umberto I of Italy (1878-1900). [1] March 15 Birth of Bransby Cooper cricketer (in Dhaka Batsman in Australia's first Test). [1] March 18 Birth of Nicolai Andreevich Rimski-Korsakov Tikhvin Russia, composer (Flight of the Bumble Bee, Scheherazade). [1] March 19 Birth of Ulrika "Minna" Cant-Johnstown Finnish playwright (Kovan onnen lapsia). [1] March 23 Birth of Eugene Gigout composer. [1] March 27 Birth of Adolphus Washington Greely US, Arctic explorer, US Army General Greely was a Medal of Honor recipient, decorated by Great Britain and France to acknowledge his numerous contributions to telecommunications; General Greely was an outstanding soldier/ communicator to whom Greely Hall, Fort Huachuca, Arizona was rededicated in a bicentennial year observance on 21 June 1976. His nineteen year service as Chief Signal Officer (1887-1906) represents the longest continuous period an incumbent has occupied. [1] March 30 Birth of Paul M Verlaine France, lyric poet (Sagesse Bonbeur). [1] March 31 Birth of Andrew Lang Scotland, author (The Blue Fairy Book). [1] April 6 Birth of Joseph Ludwig composer. [1] April 16 Birth of Anatole France writer (Thaïs, The Wickerwork Woman)/Nobel Prize 1921. [1] May 3 Birth of Edouard A Drumont French anti-semitic journalist. [1] Birth of Richard D'Oyly Carte England, opera impresario (Ivanhoe). [1] May 8 Birth of Hermann Gradener composer. [1] May 9 Birth of [Maria] Catharina Beersmans Belgian actress (Bad Herders). [1] May 20 Birth of Henri Julien Felix Rousseau French ambassador/painter (The Dream). [1] May 22 Birth of Mary Cassatt US, Impressionist painter (Woman Bathing). [1] May 23 Birth of 'Abdu'l-Bahá early Bahá'í leader ('Azamat 7, 1). [1] May 28 Birth of Leon Felix Augustin Joseph Vasseur composer. [1] May 30 Birth of Louis Varney composer. [1] June 3 Birth of Garret Augustus Hobart (Republican) 24th US Vice President (1897-99). [1] July 22 Birth of Rev William Archibald Spooner London, invented "spoonerisms". [1] July 28 Birth of Gerard Manley Hopkins England, poet (The Windhover). [1] August 17 Birth of Menelik II King of Ethiopia (1896-1913). [1] August 19 Birth of Minna Canth Finland, novelist/dramatist (social evils). [1] October 3 Birth of Sir Patrick Manson "Father of tropical medicine". [1] October 11 Birth of Henry John Heinz founded prepared-foods company (57 varieties). [1] October 12 Birth of George W Cable American writer (Northampton Years). [1] October 15 Birth of Friedrich Nietzsche Germany, philosopher/anti-semite (Übermensch). [1] October 23 Birth of Louis Riel Manitoba, leader of insurrection of Métis. [1] Birth of Robert Bridges poet laureate of England (The Testament of Beauty). [1] October 27 Birth of Klas Arnoldson Sweden, politician/pacifist (Nobel Prize 1908). [1] November 10 Birth of Sir John SD Thompson (Conservative), fourth Prime Minister of Canada (1892-94). [1] December 1 Birth of Alexandra Danish princess/Queen of Great Britain/Ireland. [1] Birth of Alfred Cellier composer. [1] December 5 Birth of John Frederick Bridge composer. [1] December 18 Birth of Lujo [Ludwig J von] Brentano German economist. [1] December 22 Birth of Izydor Lotto composer. [1]