References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2008 June 28.

1835 January 2 Birth of Charles Russell Lowell Jr Brigadier General (Union volunteers). [1] January 3 Birth of Larkin Goldsmith Mead sculptor. [1] January 5 Birth of Friedrich Richard Faltin composer. [1] Birth of Hendrik E van Rijgersma Dutch government doctor on Saint Maarten. [1] January 6 Birth of Martin Kähler Germany, theologist. [1] January 13 Birth of Gustaaf Rolin-Jaequemyns Belgian jurist/minister of the Interior. [1] January 17 Birth of Antanas Baranauskas Lithuanian bishop/poet/dialectologist. [1] Birth of Johan Filip von Schantz composer. [1] January 18 Birth of César A Cui Vilna Lithuania, fort architect/composer. [1] Birth of Jan van Droogenbroeck Flemish poet. [1] January 30 Birth of Oliver Edwards Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1904. [1] February 2 Birth of Luigi Manzotti Milano, ballet choreographer. [1] February 14 Birth of François Haverschmidt Dutch writer (Snikken en grimlachjes). [1] February 15 Birth of Alexander Stuart Webb Major General (Union Army), died in 1911. [1] February 20 Birth of Allessandro d'Ancona Italian philologist. [1] February 26 Birth of Richard Andree German geographer (Andree's Handatlas). [1] February 27 Birth of Charles Cartuyvels Belgian pulpit orator. [1] Birth of Richard Garnett English author (Ananda the Miracle Worker). [1] March 1 Birth of Matthias J Scheeben German theologist (Natur und Gnade). [1] March 4 Birth of Giovanni Schiaparelli Italy, astronomer (discovered canals of Mars). [1] March 6 Birth of Charles Ewing Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1883. [1] Birth of Ludwik Grossman composer. [1] March 12 Birth of Simon Newcomb US, scientist/mathematician/astronomer. [1] March 14 Birth of Giovanni V Schiaparelli Italian astronomer (Mars). [1] Birth of Manuel Fernandez Caballero composer. [1] March 15 Birth of Eduard Strauss Austria, composer (318 Dance). [1] March 24 Birth of Josef Stefan Austria, physicist (Stefan-Boltzmann law). [1] March 30 Birth of Bernhard Scholz composer. [1] March 31 Birth of John La Farge US painter. [1] April 6 Birth of Jose Marraco y Ferrer composer. [1] April 9 Birth of Leopold II King of Belgians (1865-1909). [1] April 27 Birth of John Murray Corse Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] May 1 Birth of Alfred Napoleon Alexander "Natti" Duffie Brigadier General (Union volunteers). [1] May 4 Birth of Edmund Hart Turpin composer. [1] May 5 Birth of Leopold II Belgian crown prince, baptized. [1] May 21 Birth of Newton Martin Curtis Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] May 26 Birth of Edward Porter Alexander Brigadier General of artillery (Confederate Army). [1] May 30 Birth of Alfred Austin Leeds England, poet laureate of England (Garden). [1] June 2 Birth of Saint Pius X 257th Roman Catholic pope (1903-14). [1] July 10 Birth of Henryk Wieniawski Lubin Poland, violinist/composer (Souv de Moscou). [1] July 27 Birth of Giosuè Carducci Italy, poet (Nobel Prize 1906). [1] September 11 Birth of Brigadier General William Wirt Allen first Alabama Cavalry. [1] October 1 Birth of William H "Red" Jackson Brigadier General (7th Tennessee Cavalry). [1] October 9 Birth of Camille Saint-Saëns Paris France, composer (Ode á Sainte Cécile). [1] October 17 Birth of Alexandrine-Pieternella-Françoise Tinné explored the White Nile. [1] November 22 Birth of Frank C Armstrong Brigadier General (Cavalry Commander under Forrest). [1] November 25 Birth of Andrew Carnegie steel industrialist/library builder. [1] November 30 Birth of Samuel Clemens [Mark Twain]; author (Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn) (dies 1910). [1] [5] December 1 Birth of Micah Jenkins Brigadier-General (Led Hoods Division at Chickamauga), died in 1864. [1] December 4 Birth of Samuel Butler England, author (Erewhom, Way of All Flesh). [1] December 7 Birth of Dom Joseph Pothier French monk/musicologist. [1] December 11 Birth of Adolf Stoecker German anti semite/Prime Minister. [1] December 12 Birth of Georges Jean Pfeiffer composer. [1] December 13 Birth of Phillips Brooks Episcopal bishop/composer (Little Town of Bethlehem). [1] December 17 Birth of Alexander E Agassiz US, businessman/biologist/geology. [1] December 18 Birth of George Dashiell Bayard Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1862. [1] December 28 Birth of Archibald Geikie British geologist. [1] 1836 January 8 Birth of Fannie M Jackson pioneer and educator, first US Black woman college grad. [1] Birth of Lawrence Alma Tadema Dutch/British painter/husband of Laura Epps. [1] January 14 Birth of [Hugh] Judson Kilpatrick Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1881. [1] January 17 Birth of Jose Silvestre de los Dolores White Lafitte composer. [1] January 27 Birth of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch Austrian writer (masochism). [1] January 29 Birth of Benjamin Franklin Potts Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1887. [1] Birth of James Meech Warner Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1897. [1] January 31 Birth of Henryk Szulc composer. [1] February 16 Birth of Benjamin Edward Woolf Dutch composer. [1] February 18 Birth of Ramakrishna Hooghly Bengal, Hindu saint (preached unity of all religions). [1] Birth of Swami Ramakrishna [Gadadhar Chatterji] Indian mystic/Hindu leader. [1] February 21 Birth of Clement-Philibert-Leo Delibes composer. [1] Birth of Emil Hartmann composer. [1] Birth of Léo Delibes Saint-Germain-du-Val France, ballet composer (Coppélia). [1] February 22 Birth of Eduard Wachmann composer. [1] February 24 Birth of Winslow Homer US, painter (Gulfstream). [1] March 8 Birth of Matthew Calbraith Butler Major General (Confederate Army). [1] March 15 Birth of Henrique Alves de Mesquita composer. [1] March 16 Birth of Andrew S Hallidie inventor (cable car). [1] March 21 Birth of Jesus Monasterio composer. [1] March 30 Birth of Karl Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg German industrialist/politician. [1] April 4 Birth of Jerome Hopkins composer. [1] April 24 Birth of Jeltje de Bosch Kemper Dutch feminist. [1] April 26 Birth of Erminnie Adelle Platt US, ethnologist (Iriquois-English Dictionary). [1] May 8 Birth of Bryan Morel Thomas Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1905. [1] May 14 Birth of James Patrick Major Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1877. [1] May 17 Birth of Joseph Norman Lockyer discovered Helium/founded Nature magazine. [1] May 18 Birth of Isidor Vorobchievici composer. [1] Birth of Wilhelm Steinitz Austria, world chess champion (1866-94). [1] May 27 Birth of Edwin Gray Lee Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1870. [1] Birth of Jay Gould US railroad executive, financier. [1] June 10 Birth of Yamaoka Tesshu Japanese swordsman, master of kendo. [1] August 22 Birth of Archibald M Willard US, artist (Spirit of '76). [1] August 25 Birth of Bret Harte US, author (Outcasts of Poker Flat). [1] September 7 Birth of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman British Prime Minister (Liberal) (1905-08). [1] September 10 Birth of Joseph Wheeler Major General/Cavalry Commander, Army of Tennessee. [1] September 28 Thomas Crapper is born. [5] November 6 Birth of Francis Ellingwood Abbot Boston, theologian (Scientific Theism). [1] November 11 Birth of Thomas Bailey Aldrich US, author/editor (Story of a Bad Boy). [1] November 18 Birth of Maximo Gomez Banff, general (Cuba). [1] Birth of William Schwenck Gilbert London, composer (Gilbert and Sullivan). [1] December 11 Birth of Jan Boissevain Dutch politician/ship owner. [1] December 15 Birth of Edmond Picard French/Belgian lawyer/writer (La forge Roussel). [1] December 19 Birth of Maria L Sanford pioneer educator (PTA). [1] December 27 Birth of Henricus Oort Dutch theologist (Leidse translation). [1] 1837 January 2 Birth of Mily Alexeyevich Balakirev Nizhny-Novgorod, Russia, composer (Tamara). [1] January 4 Birth of Casimiro de Abreu Brazil, poet (Camoes e o jau). [1] January 12 Birth of Adolf Jensen composer. [1] Birth of Carlos Troyer composer. [1] January 16 Birth of James Phillip Simms Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1887. [1] January 19 Birth of William Williams Keen surgeon (brain). [1] February 5 Birth of Dwight Lyman Moody US, evangelist (Student Volunteer Movement). [1] February 7 Birth of Sir James Augustus Henry Murray Scotland, created Oxford Dictionary. [1] February 13 Birth of Valentin de Zubiaurre y Unionbarrenechea composer. [1] February 17 Birth of Francis Jay Herron Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1902. [1] Birth of Sam[uel] van Houten Dutch (Liberal) minister (child labor laws). [1] February 21 Birth of Rosalía de Castro Spanish writer (Canteres Gallegos, Follas Novas). [1] February 26 Birth of Charles Woeste Belgian count/minister of Justice. [1] March 1 Birth of Ion Creanga Romanian fairy tale author (Amintiti the Copilarie). [1] Birth of William Dean Howells US, novelist/critic/editor (Atlantic). [1] March 7 Birth of Henry Draper in Virginia, USA; astro-spectro-photographer (Moon, Jupiter) (dies 1882). [1] [5] March 12 Birth of Felix Alexandre Guilmant composer. [1] March 14 Birth of Charles Ammi Cutter US librarian (Expansive classification/originated Cutter system). [1] March 18 Birth of [Stephen] Grover Cleveland in Caldwell, New Jersey; 22nd and 24th President (1885-1889, 1893-1897). [1] [5] March 19 Birth of Robert Daniel Johnston Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1919. [1] March 23 Birth of Joseph Wieniawski composer. [1] March 24 Birth of Philips Count of Flanders Belgium. [1] March 31 Birth of Robert Ross McBurney first paid secretary of the YMCA. [1] Birth of Stephen Dodson Ramseur Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] April 3 Birth of John Burroughs writer/nature enthusiast (Burroughs Medal namesake). [1] April 5 Birth of Algernon Charles Swinburne England, poet (Atalanta in Calydon). [1] April 11 Birth of Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth Colonel (Union Army), died in 1861. [1] April 15 Birth of Horace Porter Brevet Brigadier General (Union Army), died in 1921. [1] April 17 Birth of John Pierpont Morgan US banker/CEO (US Steel). [1] April 21 Birth of Fredrik Bajer Denmark, politican/feminist/pacifist (Nobel Prize 1908). [1] April 24 Birth of Friedrich von Holstein German diplomat (die graue Eminenz). [1] April 25 Birth of William Charles Levey composer. [1] April 30 Birth of Alfred Gaul composer. [1] May 2 Birth of General Henry Martyn Robert parliamentarian (Robert's Rules of Order). [1] May 9 Birth of Adam Opel German manufacturer (cycling, motorcars). [1] May 10 Birth of Pinckney B S Pinchback Lieutenant Governor (Louisiana). [1] May 23 Birth of James Sanks Brisbin Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1892. [1] May 27 Birth of "Wild Bill" Hickok [James Butler] cowboy/scout. [1] Birth of Robert Frederick Hoke Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1912. [1] May 29 Birth of Alexander F de Savornin Lohmann Dutch minister/party leader (CHU). [1] Birth of Luca Fumagalli composer. [1] May 31 Birth of Ernest Daudet French writer (White Terror). [1] Birth of Joseph Grimaldi London, clown. [1] Birth of Stephen Dodson Ramseur Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] Birth of William Henry Fitzhugh "Rooney" Lee Major General (Confederate Army). [1] June 22 Birth of Paul Morphy New Orleans, greatest chess player of all time (1857-61). [1] June 30 Birth of Stephen D Ramseur youngest West Pointer to be Major General. [1] August 11 Birth of Sadi Carnot engineer, French president (1887-94); assassinated. [1] August 30 Birth of Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur wife of president Chester A Arthur. [1] November 23 Birth of Javan der Waals Holland, physicist (Cont of Liquid and Gaseous States). [1] December 2 Birth of Charles Garrison Harker Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1864. [1] December 9 Birth of Charles Èmile Waldteufel Strasbourg France, waltz composer (Skaters). [1] December 14 Birth of William Wells Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1892. [1] December 18 Birth of A Adolf Daens Belgian priest/Dutch party founder (CVP). [1] December 19 Birth of John Carpenter Carter Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] December 24 Birth of Sissi Emperor of Austria. [1] December 25 Birth of Cosima Liszt wife of Austrian composer Richard Wagner. [1] December 26 Birth of Admiral George Dewey American naval hero of Manila. [1] December 28 Birth of Benjamin Johnson Lang composer. [1] 1838 January 1 Birth of William Hugh Young Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1901. [1] January 4 Birth of Charles Stratton [General Tom Thumb] (famous short person). [1] January 6 Birth of Max Bruch in Cologne, Germany; violin virtuoso and composer: Scherz, List und Rache (1858), Odysseus (1872). [1] [37] January 16 Birth of Franz Brentano in Marienberg, Germany; professor of philosophy and theology; priest of the Roman Catholic Church. [37] February 6 Birth of Sir Henry Irving [John H Brodribb], England, knighted 1895/actor (Hamlet). [1] February 12 Birth of Charles Carroll Walcott Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1898. [1] February 14 Birth of Margaret Knight inventor, "the female Thomas Edison". [1] February 16 Birth of Arnoldus Pannevis South African ship's doctor/linguist. [1] Birth of Henry Adams Boston Massachusetts, US historian, writer (Education of Henry Adams). [1] February 18 Birth of Ernst Mach Chirlitz-Turas Austria, physicist/philosopher/psychologist. [1] February 20 Birth of James Barbour Terrill Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] February 22 Birth of Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen discoverer of hydrogen in Sun. [1] February 23 Birth of Gilbert Moxley Sorrel Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1901. [1] February 24 Birth of Thomas Benton Smith Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1923. [1] February 26 Birth of Wendelin Weissheimer composer. [1] March 1 Birth of Gabriele dell' Addolorata [Francesco Possenti], Italian priest. [1] March 2 Birth of David Duffle Wood composer. [1] March 3 Birth of George W Hill US astronomer (Moon orbit). [1] March 4 Birth of Paul Lacome composer. [1] March 12 Birth of William Perkin inventor (first artificial dye). [1] March 15 Birth of Alice Cunningham Fletcher ethnologist/author/Indian music (Stranger in Her Native Land). [1] March 18 Birth of Jan B Stobbaerts Flemish painter. [1] Birth of Sir Randal Cremer Britain, trade unionist, pacifist (Nobel Prize 1903). [1] March 31 Birth of Léon Dierx French poet. [1] April 3 Birth of Léon Michel Gambetta French attorney/premier (1881-82). [1] April 5 Birth of Alpheus Hyatt US, invertebrate paleontologist. [1] April 11 Birth of Joseph Leopold Rockel composer. [1] April 12 Birth of John Shaw Billings US, librarian/army physician. [1] April 16 Birth of Karel Bendl composer. [1] April 19 Birth of August[us] Allebé Dutch painter/lithographer. [1] April 21 Birth of John Muir US, naturalist (discovered glaciers in High Sierras). [1] Birth of Nat Thompson cricketer (first batsman dismissed in a Test match). [1] April 23 Birth of Alfred J Verwee Flemish painter. [1] April 28 Birth of Tobias M Carel Asser Holland, advocate of world law (Nobel Peace Prize 1911). [1] May 6 Birth of Alfred Humphreys Pease composer. [1] May 10 Birth of James first Viscount Bryce, historian/statesman. [1] Birth of John Wilkes Booth assassin of Abraham Lincoln. [1] May 24 Birth of Paul Laband German lawyer. [1] May 28 Birth of Basil Wilson Duke Kentucky, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1916. [1] May 31 Birth of Henry Sidgwick English philosopher (Wife at University). [1] June 27 Birth of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Bengali novelist (Anandamath). [1] July 8 Birth of Count Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin invented rigid dirigibles. [1] July 11 Birth of John Wanamaker merchant (Wanamakers Dept Store). [1] September 2 Birth of Queen Lydia Kamekeha Liliuokalani last queen of Hawaii (1891-93). [1] September 16 Birth of James J Hill Canada, railroad entrepreneur (Great Northern Railroad). [1] September 23 Birth of Victoria Chaflin Woodhull Ohio, feminist/reformer/free love/first female presidential candidate. [1] September 29 Birth of Henry Hobson Richardson US Romanesque revival architect. [1] October 25 Birth of Georges Bizet France, composer (Carmen). [1] November 13 Birth of Joseph F Smith 6th President of Mormon church. [1] December 3 Birth of Cleveland Abbe US, meteorologist (Father of the Weather Bureau). [1] Birth of Octavia Hill British reformer, leader of open-space movement. [1] December 4 Birth of Melesio Morales composer. [1] December 11 Birth of Emil Rathenau German industrialist (AEG). [1] Birth of Whitney Eugene Thayer composer. [1] December 12 Birth of Sherburne W Burnham US, astronomer (binary stars). [1] December 13 Birth of Marie-Alexis Castillon de Saint-Victor composer. [1] December 17 Birth of Berthold Tours composer. [1] December 31 Birth of Emile Loubet premier/President of France (1892, 1899-1906). [1] 1839 January 1 Birth of Maria Louise Ramé "Ouida" Bury St. Edmunds Suffolk England, screenwriter (A Dog of Flanders, The Little Dutch Girl). [1] January 4 Birth of Karl Humann in Steele, Germany; archaeologist, excavated ancient Greek cities. [37] January 9 Birth of John Knowles Paine Portland Maine, composer. [1] January 11 Birth of Eugenio Maria de Hostos Puerto Rico, patriot/scholar. [1] January 14 Birth of Emil Bohn composer. [1] January 19 Birth of Bohumil Pazdirek composer. [1] Birth of Paul Cézanne France, impressionist painter (Bathers). [1] January 25 Birth of Seldon Connor Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1917. [1] February 1 Birth of James A Herne [J Aherne], US playwright (Hearts of Oak). [1] February 7 Birth of Nicolaas G Pierson Dutch banker/Suriname premier (1897-1901). [1] February 11 Birth of Josiah Willard Gibbs theoretical physicist/chemist. [1] March 8 Birth of James Mason Crafts US chemist (Friedel-Crafts-synthesis). [1] March 9 Birth of Felix Huston Robertson Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1928. [1] Birth of Modest P Mussorgsky Russian composer (Boris Godunov). [1] March 10 Birth of Dudley Buck Hartford Connecticut, organist/church composer. [1] March 16 Birth of René François Armand Sully Prudhomme France, poet, first Nobel winner (1901). [1] March 17 Birth of Josef Rheinberger Vaduz Liechtenstein, opera composer (Munich Conser). [1] March 18 Birth of Francis Fessenden Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1906. [1] March 21 Birth of Modest Mussorgsky composer (Boris Gudunov, Night on Bald Mountain). [1] March 25 Birth of William Bell Wait US, educated the blind. [1] March 31 Birth of Nikolay Przhevalsky naturalist, explorer of east central Asia. [1] April 5 Birth of Robert Smalls Beaufort South Carolina, black congressman 1875-87 (Representative-South Carolina). [1] Birth of Stanislaw Pilinski composer. [1] April 12 Birth of Victorin de Joncieres composer. [1] April 18 Birth of Frantz Jehin-Prume composer. [1] Birth of Henry Clarence Kendall New South Wales Australia, poet (Bell Birds). [1] April 20 Birth of Carol I King of Romania (1881-1914). [1] April 22 Birth of August W Eichler German botanist. [1] April 26 Birth of Cyrus Hamblin Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1867. [1] May 1 Birth of Chardonnet inventor (rayon). [1] May 8 Birth of Francis W Warre-Cornish English vice-provost of Eton/writer. [1] May 19 Birth of Alice Mary Smith composer. [1] May 25 Birth of John Eliot English meteorologist. [1] May 27 Birth of Luigi Capuana Sicilian author/critic (Roccaverdina). [1] May 29 Birth of Ned Gregory cricketer (brother of Dave, father of Syd Played first Test). [1] June 24 Birth of Gustavus Franklin Swift founded Swift and Co. [1] July 8 Birth of John D Rockefeller US capitalist; founded Standard Oil. [1] August 4 Birth of Walter Pater London England, writer (Plato and Platoism). [1] September 2 Birth of Henry George land reformer/writer (Progress and Poverty). [1] September 10 Birth of Isaac Kauffman Funk US, publisher (Funk and Wagnalls). [1] September 28 Birth of Frances Willard founded Women's Christian Temperance Union. [1] December 5 Birth of George Armstrong Custer Major General (Union volunteers, of Little Big Horn fame), died in 1876. [1] December 7 Birth of Redvers H Buller English general/large landowner: Natal. [1]