References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2008 June 28.

1830 January 2 Birth of Henry Kingsley English/Australian writer. [1] January 3 Birth of Alexander Ewing composer. [1] January 7 Birth of (Samuel) Emerson Opdycke Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] Birth of Albert Bierstadt in Dusseldorf, Germany; painter of grandiose scenes of the American West, part of the "Hudson River School". [1] [37] January 8 Birth of Governer Kemble Warren Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1882. [1] Birth of Hans von Bülow in Dresden, Germany; pianist/virtuoso conductor/musical writer. [1] [37] January 19 Birth of George Blake Cosby Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1909. [1] January 23 Birth of Gaston AA Marquis de Gallifet French General /minister of War (1899-1900). [1] January 27 Birth of Georg Hellmesberger composer. [1] Birth of William Henry Fitzhugh Payne Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] January 31 Birth of James Gillespie Blaine West Brownsville Pennsylvania, (Representative-Republican-Maine 1863-76/Senator-Republican-Maine 1876-81/Secretary of State 1889-92). [1] February 3 Birth of Robert Cecil Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative), British Prime Minister (1885-1902). [1] February 6 Birth of Marcellus Monroe Crocker Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1865). [1] February 9 Birth of Abdül Aziz Istanbul Ottoman, 32nd sultan of Turkey (1861-76). [1] February 11 Birth of Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf composer. [1] Birth of Peter Arnold Heise composer. [1] March 12 Birth of William Felix Brantley Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1870. [1] March 15 Birth of Paul von Heyse Germany, writer (Nobel Prize 1910). [1] March 18 Birth of Numa D Fustel de Coulanges French historian/sociologist. [1] March 20 Birth of Eugene Asa Carr Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1910. [1] March 25 Birth of Julius Caesar cricketer (prominent batsman for Surrey). [1] March 26 Birth of Eliza Laurillard Dutch vicar/poet/writer. [1] Birth of John Rogers Thomas composer. [1] March 30 Birth of Auguste Tolbecque composer. [1] Birth of Julius F A Bahnsen German philosopher. [1] April 5 Birth of Alexander Muir Lesmahagow Scotland, poet (The Maple Leaf Forever). [1] April 6 Birth of James Augustine Healy Macon Georgia, first black Roman Catholic bishop. [1] April 9 Birth of Eadweard Muybridge England, pioneered study of motion, photography. [1] April 13 Birth of Eduard Lassen composer. [1] April 19 Birth of Rudolf Cornely German bible expert/jesuit. [1] April 29 Birth of Adolph Sutro San Francisco mayor, built Cliff House, railways, tunnels. [1] April 30 Birth of Davis Tillson Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1895. [1] May 1 Birth of Mary Harris Jones [Mother Jones], hell-raiser. [1] May 6 Birth of Guido Gezelle Flemish priest/poet. [1] May 10 Birth of François M Raoult French physicist/chemist (law of Raoult). [1] May 11 Birth of John Converse Starkweather Brigadier General (Union volunteers). [1] May 13 Birth of Zebulon Baird Vance Governor (Confederacy), died in 1894. [1] May 14 Birth of George Pierce Doles Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] May 15 Birth of Laurence Simmons Baker Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1907. [1] Birth of Martinus W van der Aa author/Dutch head-editor (The Time). [1] May 18 Birth of Karl Goldmark Keszthely Hungary, composer (Sakuhtala). [1] May 20 Birth of Amalia princess of Saxon-Weimar-Eisenach/wife of prince Henry. [1] Birth of Hector H Malot French writer (Without Family). [1] May 25 Birth of Jules de Geyter Belgian poet (International). [1] May 28 Birth of George Lucas Hartsuff Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1874. [1] Birth of Karoly Filtsch composer. [1] May 30 Birth of Edward Winslow Hinks Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] September 8 Birth of Frédéric Mistral Provençal poet (Nobel Prize 1904). [1] September 15 Birth of Porfirio Díaz soldier, president of Mexico (1877-1911). [1] October 5 Birth of Chester Alan Arthur Fairfield Vt, (Republican) 21st President (1881-85). [1] October 10 Birth of Queen Isabella II Queen of Spain (1833-68). [1] October 30 Birth of John S Bowen Major-General (Confederate). [1] December 5 Birth of Christina Rossetti London, poet (Winter Rain, Passing Away). [1] December 7 Birth of Luigi Cremona Italian mathematician/minister of Education. [1] December 10 Birth of Emily Dickinson Amherst Massachusetts, poet (Collected Poems). [1] Birth of Kálmán Tisza premier of Hungary (1875-90). [1] December 12 Birth of Joseph Orville Shelby Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1897. [1] December 14 Birth of Allen Thomas Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1907. [1] December 15 Birth of Francesco D'Arcais composer. [1] December 16 Birth of John Frederick Hartranft Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1889. [1] December 17 Birth of Jules de Goncourt France, novelist (Germinie). [1] December 22 Birth of Justin M'Carthy Ireland, Irish politician/novelist (Miss Misanthrope). [1] December 23 Birth of Adam Minchejmer composer. [1] December 31 Birth of Ismail Pasha kedive of Egypt (1863-79). [1] 1831 January 1 Birth of William Joseph Westbrook composer. [1] January 2 Birth of Justin Winston historian/librarian (Harvard). [1] January 11 Birth of James Ronald Chalmers Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1898. [1] January 14 Birth of John Bullock Clark Jr Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1903. [1] January 18 Birth of Edward Ferrero Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1899. [1] January 20 Birth of Pieter J Joubert General (South Africa). [1] January 26 Birth of Mary Mapes Dodge New York City, New York, writer (Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates). [1] January 28 Birth of Henry Brevard Davidson Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1899. [1] February 3 Birth of Cyrus Ballou Comstock Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1910. [1] February 12 Birth of John Morrissey boxer/developer of Saratoga Springs horse race track. [1] February 13 Birth of John Aaron Rawlins Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1869. [1] February 16 Birth of Nikolai Leskow writer. [1] February 17 Birth of Francisco Salvador Daniel composer. [1] February 21 Birth of Eduard Rappoldi composer. [1] February 23 Birth of Hendrik W Mesdag Dutch painter (Panorama Mesdag). [1] February 24 Birth of Georg Leo earl von Caprivi German chancellor/premier of Prussia. [1] February 26 Birth of Filippo Marchetti composer. [1] March 1 Birth of Hiram Bronson Granbury Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] March 3 Birth of George M Pullman inventor (railway sleeping car). [1] March 6 Birth of Friedrich C K von Bodelschwingh German theologist (Home Mission). [1] Birth of Philip Henry Sheridan Albany New York, Major General (Union Army). [1] March 7 Birth of John Bratton [Old Reliable], US physician/Confederate Brigadier General. [1] March 12 Birth of Clement Studebaker automobile pioneer (Studebaker). [1] March 14 Birth of Leon Leopold Lewandoski composer. [1] March 15 Birth of Edward Aylesworth Perry Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] March 29 Birth of Amelia Barr writer. [1] March 31 Birth of Archibald Scott Scottish chemist. [1] April 4 Birth of Edward Cary Walthall Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1898. [1] April 8 Birth of Allard Pierson Dutch theologiost/philosopher/art historian/poet. [1] April 12 Birth of Constantin Meunier Belgian painter/sculptor. [1] Birth of George Burgwyn Anderson Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] Birth of Grenville Mellen Dodge Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 14 Birth of Gerhard Rohlfs German explorer/ambassador in Abyssinia. [1] April 22 Birth of Alexander McDowell McCook Major General (Union volunteers). [1] May 13 Birth of Willem baron of Goltstein of Oldenaller Dutch minister of Colonies. [1] May 16 Birth of David Edward Hughes inventor (microphone, teleprinter). [1] May 24 Birth of Richard Hoffman composer. [1] May 28 Birth of Eliza Ann Gardner underground railway conductor. [1] June 1 Birth of John B Hood confederate general (lost Atlanta). [1] June 13 Birth of James Clerk Maxwell physicist, formulated electromagnetic theory. [1] June 28 Birth of Joseph Joachim Kittsee Germany, violinist (Hungarian Concerto). [1] August 28 Birth of Lucy Ware Webb Hayes first lady. [1] October 6 Birth of Richard Dedekind mathematician (Nature and Meaning of Numbers). [1] October 15 Birth of Helen Maria Hunt Jackson author (Ramona). [1] November 13 Birth of James Maxwell Edinburgh Scotland, physicist (Treatise on Electricity). [1] November 19 Birth of James A Garfield 20th President (March 4-Sept 19, 1881). [1] December 6 Birth of Joshua Woodrow Sill Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1862. [1] December 10 Birth of Alexander Conze German archaeologist. [1] December 19 Birth of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop Hawaii. [1] December 22 Birth of Mark Rutherford writer. [1] Birth of Robert Ogden Tyler Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1874. [1] December 25 Birth of Johann Herbeck composer. [1] December 27 Birth of Lucius Fairchild Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1896. [1] December 29 Birth of Adam Badeau Brevet Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1895. [1] 1832 January 6 Birth of Gustave Doré Strasbourg France, illustrator (Inferno, Ancient Mariner). [1] January 9 Birth of Esquire Maurits A de Savornin Lohman Dutch Governor of Suriname. [1] January 12 Birth of Richard Waterhouse Jr Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1876. [1] January 19 Birth of Ferdinand Laub composer. [1] Birth of Salvador Giner y Vidal composer. [1] January 23 Birth of Édouard Manet France, Impressionist painter (Déjeuner sur L'Herbe). [1] January 24 Birth of John Pegram Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1865. [1] January 27 Birth of Lewis Carroll [Charles Lutwidge Dodgson], author (Alice in Wonderland). [1] January 28 Birth of Franz Wullner composer. [1] February 6 Birth of John Brown Gordon Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1904. [1] February 16 Birth of Camille Armand Jules Marie de Polignac Major General (Confederate Army). [1] February 25 Birth of Theodorus J I Arnold bibliographer (Bibliotheca Belgian). [1] February 26 Birth of John George Nicolay US, author (Abe Lincoln's biographer). [1] February 27 Birth of Alfred Pollard Edward Civil War journalist, died in 1872. [1] March 1 Birth of Friedrich Grutzmacher composer. [1] March 7 Birth of Orlando Metcalfe Poe Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1895. [1] March 10 Birth of William Henry Penrose Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1903. [1] March 11 Birth of Franz Melde German physicist (Melde test). [1] Birth of William Ruffin Cox Brigadier General (Confederate Army-2nd North Carolina Infantry), died in 1919. [1] March 12 Birth of Charles Boycott Ireland, estate manager/caused boycotts. [1] March 13 Birth of Alberto Randegger composer. [1] March 16 Birth of Charles Camp Doolittle Brevet Major General (Union volunteer). [1] March 17 Birth of Moncure Daniel Conway US, clergyman/author/abolitionist (Life of Thomas Paine). [1] Birth of Walter Quintin Gresham Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 4 Birth of Jose Echegaray y Elizaguirre playwright/scientist (Teatro Escogido). [1] April 5 Birth of Jules-François Camille Ferry French statesman. [1] April 8 Birth of Alfred von Waldersee Prussian fieldmarshal. [1] April 13 Birth of James Wimshurst British designer/inventor (electricstatic generator). [1] April 14 Birth of James Hewett Ledlie Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1882. [1] April 16 Birth of John A Neuhuys painter. [1] April 19 Birth of José Echegaray y Eizaguirre mathematician/dramatist (Nobel Prize 1904). [1] Birth of Lucretia Rudolph Garfield US first lady (1881-1885). [1] April 22 Birth of Julius Sterling Morton Adams New York, (Governor-Nebraska), started Arbor Day. [1] May 5 Birth of H H Bancroft historian, publisher (History of the Pacific States). [1] May 7 Birth of Carl G Neumann German mathematician/physicist (Neumann-functions). [1] May 16 Birth of Philip Danforth Armour founder (Armour Foods). [1] May 23 Birth of Pieter van der Aa Leyden Holland, Dutch Indologist/geographer. [1] May 30 Birth of George Doherty Johnston Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] June 17 Birth of Sir William Crookes chemist/physicist; discovered thallium. [1] August 2 Birth of Henry Steel Olcott first president of Theosophical Society. [1] August 4 Birth of Gaspar N£ñez de Arce Spain, poet "Spanish Tennyson". [1] October 1 Birth of Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison first wife of Benjamin Harrison. [1] November 6 Birth of Joseph Smith son of founder of Mormonism. [1] November 7 Birth of Andrew Dickson White educator/first President of Cornell. [1] November 18 Birth of Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskjold Sweden, Arctic explorer. [1] November 26 Birth of Mary Edwards Walker US, doctor/women's rights leader. [1] November 29 Birth of Louisa May Alcott Germantown Pennsylvania, author (Little Women). [1] December 1 Birth of Archibald Gracie Jr Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] December 8 Birth of Björnstjerne Björnson Norway, novelist (Pa Guds Veje, Nobel Prize-1903). [1] December 12 Birth of Abraham C Wertheim Dutch banker/Member of Parliament (liberal). [1] December 14 Birth of Daniel Harris Reynolds Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1902. [1] December 15 Birth of Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel French engineer (Eiffel tower). [1] December 19 Birth of John Kirk Barry Scotland, Dr/companion to explorer David Livingstone. [1] December 21 Birth of John Henry Ketcham Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1906. [1] December 22 Birth of Edward Hatch Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1889. [1] December 25 Birth of Thomas Alfred Smyth Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1865. [1] 1833 January 12 Birth of Eugen Dühring in Berlin, Germany; political philosopher, professor, writer Captial und Arbeit (1865), Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie (1869) and Cursus der National- und Socialökonomie (1873-92). [37] January 21 Birth of Norman Willis union leader (Britain's Trades Union Congress). [1] January 23 Birth of John Randolph Chambliss Jr Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] January 24 Birth of Bernhard Erdmannsdörffer German, historian (Deutsche Geschichte). [1] January 28 Birth of Charles George Gordon London England, military hero/general (China, Khartoum). [1] February 1 Birth of Henry McNeal Turner black methodist bishop. [1] February 3 Birth of Thomas T H Jorissen Dutch historian. [1] February 5 Birth of John Watkinson founder of British Chess Magazine (oldest chess magazine). [1] February 6 Birth of James Ewell Brown "JEB" Stuart Major General (Commander of Cavalry, Confederate Army). [1] Birth of José M de Pereda y Sánchez the Porrúa Spanish writer (Sotileza). [1] February 7 Birth of Ricardo Palma Peru, writer/poet (Tradiciones Peruanas). [1] February 11 Birth of Melville Weston Fuller 8th chief justice. [1] February 13 Birth of William Whedbee Kirkland Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1915. [1] February 18 Birth of James Deshler Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1863. [1] February 19 Birth of Élie Ducommun Switzerland, writer/pacifist (Nobel Prize 1902). [1] February 22 Birth of Josef Foerster composer. [1] February 24 Birth of Eduard earl von Taaffe Austrian premier (1868-93). [1] February 25 Birth of Clement Anselm Evans Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1911. [1] Birth of Julie Verstraete-Lacquet Flemish actress. [1] February 28 Birth of Alfred von Schlieffen Count/Prussian General-field marshal. [1] March 10 Birth of Pedro Antonio de Alarcón Spain, writer (Three-Cornered Hat). [1] March 14 Birth of John Sappington Marmaduke Major General (Confederate Army). [1] Birth of Lucy Hobbs Taylor first US woman dentist (1866). [1] March 20 Birth of Henry Southwick Perkins composer. [1] March 26 Birth of Betsy Perk [Christina E], Dutch journalist/writer/feminist. [1] April 2 Birth of Thomas Howard Ruger Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 6 Birth of Johan H C Kern Dutch linguist (Sanskrit, Old Javan). [1] April 10 Birth of David McMurtrie Gregg Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] Birth of James Edward Rains Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1862. [1] May 5 Birth of Ferdinand von Richthofen German geographer/explorer. [1] May 7 Birth of Johannes Brahms Hamburg Germany, composer, enjoys a good lullaby. [1] May 8 Birth of Frank Wheaton Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1903. [1] May 9 Birth of Boleslaw Dembinski composer. [1] August 11 Birth of Robert Green Ingersoll New York, author/politician/agnostic (Attorney General-Republican-Illinois). [1] August 20 Birth of Benjamin Harrison North Bend, Ohio (Republican) 23rd President (1889-1893). [1] August 28 Birth of Sir Edward Burne-Jones England, Pre-Raphaelite painter/designer. [1] September 20 Birth of Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy, journalist (Nobel Peace Prize 1907). [1] October 21 Birth of Alfred Bernhard Nobel Stockholm, created dynamite and Peace Prizes. [1] November 12 Birth of Aleksandr Borodin Russia, composer (Robert LeDiable). [1] November 13 Birth of Edwin Thomas Booth US, US Hall of Fame/actor (Hamlet). [1] December 6 Birth of John Singleton Mosby lawyer/Colonel (Confederate Army), died in 1916. [1] December 12 Birth of Matthias Hohner German manufacturer (harmonica). [1] December 17 Birth of James Thadeus Holtzclaw Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1893. [1] December 20 Birth of Dr Samuel A Mudd convicted of giving medical aid to John Wilkes Booth. [1] December 28 Birth of Charles Miller Shelley Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1907. [1] December 29 Birth of John James Ingalls (Representative-Kansas). [1] 1834 January 1 Birth of Ludovic Halévy Paris France; actor (Carmen). [1] January 10 Birth of John Acton English historian/Member of Parliament. [1] January 13 Birth of Horatio Alger Jr Revere Massachusetts, author (Lost at Sea, Work and Win). [1] January 14 Birth of William Cleaver Francis Robinson composer. [1] January 16 Birth of Albert Lindley Lee Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1907. [1] January 17 Birth of August Weismann in Frankfurt am Main, Germany; professor of medicine at the University of Freiburg, developed of a theory of cellular germ plasm, from which the modern understanding of DNA develops. [37] Birth of Wilhelmina J R Albregt-Engelman Dutch actress/daughter of Mimi Bia. [1] January 25 Birth of Pablo Hernandez Salces composer. [1] January 27 Birth of Dmitri Mendeleev chemist (discovered periodic table of the elements). [1] Birth of Robert Sanford Foster Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] January 30 Birth of Lord Avebury [John Lubbock], British banker/politician. [1] February 6 Birth of William Dorsey Pender Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1863. [1] February 7 Birth of Dmitri I Mendelejev Russian chemist (devised Periodic Table). [1] February 9 Birth of Felix Dahn writer. [1] Birth of Franz Xaver Witt composer. [1] February 15 Birth of Sir William Preece English electrical engineer, wireless pioneer. [1] February 16 Birth of Ernst Heinrich Haeckel Potsdam Germany, biologist (Causes of Evolution). [1] February 22 Birth of Albert Heinrich Zabel composer. [1] February 23 Birth of Gustav Hermann Nachtigal German physician/colonizer/consul in Tunisia. [1] February 26 Birth of Aleksander Zarzycki composer. [1] March 4 Birth of Peter Nicolai von Wilm composer. [1] March 17 Birth of Gottlieb Daimler Germany, engineer/inventor/auto pioneer-designed first motorcycle. [1] March 20 Birth of Charles William Elliot Boston Massachusetts, President of Harvard (1869-1909). [1] March 22 Birth of Francis Asbury Shoup Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1896. [1] March 23 Birth of Julius Reubke composer. [1] March 24 Birth of John Wesley Powell US, geologist/explorer/ethnologist. [1] Birth of William Morris England, designer/craftsman/poet/socialist. [1] April 1 Birth of Isidore Edouard Legouix composer. [1] April 2 Birth of Frédéric-Auguste Bertholdi France, sculptor (Statue of Liberty). [1] April 21 Birth of William Rufus Terrill Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1862. [1] April 26 Birth of Artemus Ward [Charles Farrar Browne] humorist. [1] Birth of Horatio Richmond Palmer composer. [1] May 21 Birth of Charles-Albert Gobat Switzerland, politician/lawyer/author (Nobel Prize 1902). [1] July 10 Birth of James Abbott McNeill Whistler artist (Whistler's Mother). [5] (July 14 [1]) July 19 Birth of Edgar Degas France, impressionist painter (Bouquet). [1] July 23 Birth of James Cardinal Gibbons archbishop of Baltimore. [1] August 18 Birth of Marshall Field founded Chicago-based store chain. [1] August 31 Birth of Amilcare Ponchielli Paderno Italy, composer (I Lituani). [1] October 10 Birth of Aleksis Kivi Finland, playwright (Kullervo, Seitsemän Veljestä). [1] December 16 Birth of Léon Walras French economist (border use theory). [1] December 23 Birth of Thomas R Malthus English vicar/economist (moral restraint). [1]