References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2008 June 28.

1822 January 2 Birth of Rudolf Clausius in Köslin, Germany; professor of physics, formulated second law of thermodynamics, contributed to the theory of electrolysis. [1] [37] January 4 Birth of Joseph Jones Reynolds Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1899. [1] January 5 Birth of Joseph Brevard Kershaw Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1894. [1] January 6 Birth of Heinrich Schliemann in Neubukow, Germany; polyglot/archeologist (Troje). [1] [37] January 7 Birth of Lucius C M Bakker Frisian physician/author (Goethe). [1] Birth of Theodor Aufrecht German indologist (Rigveda's Hymns). [1] January 8 Birth of Alfredo Carlo Piatti composer. [1] January 9 Birth of John Porter Hatch volunteers Brevet Major General (Union), died in 1901. [1] January 14 Birth of Nicholas Mori composer. [1] January 27 Birth of Thomas Leiper Kane Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1883. [1] January 28 Birth of Alexander MacKenzie (Liberal) second Prime Minister of Canada (1873-78). [1] January 30 Birth of John Basil Turchin [Ivan Turchinoff], Brigadier General (Union volunteers). [1] February 7 Birth of Joaquin y Garbayo Gaztambide composer. [1] February 8 Birth of Maxime Du Camp France, writer/traveler (Les Buveurs de Cendres). [1] February 9 Birth of Charles T Stork Dutch industrialist. [1] February 13 Birth of Lev A Mej Russian nobleman/poet. [1] February 15 Birth of Theodor Uhlig composer. [1] February 16 Birth of Francis Galton Birmingham England, anthropologist and geneticist. [1] Birth of James Patton Anderson Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1872. [1] February 22 Birth of Adolf Kuszmaul German physician (stomach pump, Kuszmaul disease). [1] February 27 Birth of Eugene Gautier composer. [1] February 28 Birth of Matthew Duncan Ector Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1879. [1] March 1 Birth of Albin Francisco Schoepf Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1886. [1] Birth of Charles Champion Gilbert Brigadier General (Union volunteers). [1] March 7 Birth of Victor Masse composer. [1] March 10 Birth of Willem Roelofs Dutch painter/lithographer. [1] March 11 Birth of Allison Nelson Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1862. [1] March 13 Birth of Moritz Grave von Strachwitz German poet. [1] March 16 Birth of John Pope Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1892. [1] Birth of Rosa Bonheur French landscape painter (Buffalo Bill). [1] March 22 Birth of Ahmed Djevdet Pasha Turkish minister of Education/Justice. [1] Birth of Isaac D Fransen van de Putte Dutch premier (1866). [1] Birth of Seth Williams Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1866. [1] March 29 Birth of Joseph Quinaux Belgian painter. [1] March 31 Birth of Rafael Hernando composer. [1] April 3 Birth of Edward Everett Hale US, clergyman/author (Man without a Country). [1] April 5 Birth of James Nagle Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1866. [1] April 7 Birth of Gershom Mott Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 13 Birth of Leroy Augustus Stafford Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864. [1] Birth of William Stephen Walker Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1899. [1] April 15 Birth of Napolean Jackson Tecumseh Dana Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 24 Birth of Erastus Barnard Tyler Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 26 Birth of Frederick Law Olmsted architect/writer (designed Central Park). [1] Birth of Jan Albert van Eyken composer/organist. [1] April 27 Birth of [Hiram] Ulysses S[impson] Grant Point Pleasant Ohio, 18th US President (1869-77, Republican). [1] May 10 Birth of August Ritter von Pettenkofen painter. [1] May 16 Birth of Eduard Hille Dutch composer/conductor. [1] May 20 Birth of Emile Erckmann [E-Chatrian] French writer (Waterloo). [1] Birth of Frédéric Passy French economist/pacifist; co-winner of first Nobel Peace Prize (1901). [1] May 21 Birth of Dabney Herndon Maury Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1900. [1] Birth of Mosby Monroe Parsons Brigadier General (Confederate Army) died in 1865. [1] May 26 Birth of E de Goncourt writer. [1] May 27 Birth of Henry Wylde composer. [1] Birth of Josef Joachim Raff composer. [1] July 22 Birth of Gregor Mendel; monk/geneticist, discoverer of the laws of heredity. [1] (July 20 [5]) September 16 Birth of Charles S Crocker President of Central and South Pacific Railroad. [1] September 22 Birth of Brigadier General Eppa Hunton fought in most ANV campaigns. [1] October 4 Birth of Rutherford B Hayes (Republican) 19th president (1877-81). [1] December 3 Birth of Charles Adam Heckman Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1896. [1] December 4 Birth of Frances Crabbe England, feminist founded Anti-Vivisection Society. [1] December 6 Birth of John Eberhard built first large-scale pencil factory in US. [1] December 8 Birth of Luther Prentice Bradley Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1910. [1] December 10 Birth of César Franck Liège Belgium, composer (Rébecca). [1] Birth of Thomas Casimer Devin Brigadier-General (Union volunteers), died in 1878. [1] December 15 Birth of Edward Stephen composer. [1] December 16 Birth of Charles Edward Horsley composer. [1] December 24 Birth of Charles Hermite French mathematician (E is Transcendent). [1] Birth of Matthew Arnold England, poet/critic (Dover Beach). [1] December 26 Birth of Dion Boucicault Irish/Us actor/playwright (Rip van Winkle). [1] December 27 Birth of John Roberts composer. [1] Birth of Louis Pasteur Dole France, bacteriologist (pasteurization). [1] December 28 Birth of William Booth Taliaferro Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1898. [1] 1823 January 1 Birth of Sándor Petöfi Kikkörös, Hungary, poet, revolutionary (Jáos Vitéz). [1] January 3 Birth of Jaak-Nikolaas Lemmens Flemish composer. [1] January 4 Birth of Otto van Rees Governor-General of Dutch-Indies (1884-88). [1] Birth of Peter Joseph Osterhaus Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1917. [1] January 5 Birth of William Rockstro composer. [1] January 8 Birth of Alfred Russel Wallace British zoologist/co-discoverer (evolution). [1] January 9 Birth of Friedrich von Esmarch in Tönning, Germany; military surgeon, professor of surgery, handbook on first aid for civilians and military, first-aid bandage on the battlefield. [37] January 21 Birth of Alexandre Edouard Goria composer. [1] January 27 Birth of Edouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo France, composer (Symphonie Espagnole). [1] January 29 Birth of Franklin Gardner Major-General (Civil War-fought at Shiloh and Port Hudson). [1] February 3 Birth of Spencer F Baird US biologist (Wood's Hole Station). [1] February 7 Birth of Richard Genee composer. [1] February 15 Birth of Li Hung-Tshang Chinese rebel leader/viceroy of Tsheli Canton. [1] February 16 Birth of Brigadier General John D Imboden organized first Virginia Partisan Texas Rangers. [1] February 27 Birth of Ferdinand Van Derveer Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1892. [1] Birth of William Buel Franklin Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1903. [1] February 28 Birth of Ernest Renan French philosopher/historian/scholar of religion. [1] March 3 Birth of Guyla Andrássy Sr premier of Hungary (1867-71). [1] March 12 Birth of William Flank Perry Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1901. [1] March 14 Birth of Roswell Sabine Ripley Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1887. [1] March 16 Birth of William Henry Monk composer. [1] March 19 Birth of Cornelis A van Sypesteyn Dutch Governor of Surinam (1873-82). [1] March 20 Birth of John Echols Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1896. [1] March 23 Birth of Schuyler Colfax (Republican) 17th Vice President (1869-73). [1] March 25 Birth of William Thompson Martin Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1910. [1] March 27 Birth of Samuel Kosciusko Zook Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] March 30 Birth of Joseph Farmer Knipe Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1901. [1] April 1 Birth of Simon Bolivar Buckner Lieutenant General (Confederate Army), died in 1914. [1] April 3 Birth of William Marcy "Boss" Tweed corrupt New York City political boss. [1] April 4 Birth of Karl Wilhelm Siemens inventor (laid undersea cables). [1] Birth of Robert Byington Mitchell Brigadier General (Union volunteers). [1] April 6 Birth of Joseph Medill Saint John New Brunswick Canada, newspaper editor (Chicago Tribune). [1] April 10 Birth of Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] April 12 Birth of Aleksandr Ostrovsky Russian playwright (Artists and Admirers). [1] April 16 Birth of Mother Joseph [Esther Pariseau] religious leader (US capital). [1] Birth of Orlando Bolivar Wilcox Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1907. [1] April 22 Birth of Alfred Gibbs Major General (Union Army), died in 1868. [1] April 23 Birth of Abdül-Medjid 31st sultan of Turkey (1839-61). [1] April 30 Birth of George JD Campbell Scottish/British Minister to Indies (1868-74/80-85). [1] May 5 Birth of James Allen Hardie Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1876. [1] May 10 Birth of John Sherman MC (Union), died in 1900. [1] May 11 Birth of Alfred Stevens Belgian painter. [1] May 17 Birth of Charlotte Helen Sainton-Dolby contralto/composer. [1] May 27 Birth of John Gray Foster Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1874. [1] June 5 Birth of George Thorndike Angell Massachusetts, lawyer (ASPCA). [1] June 11 Birth of James L Kemper Major General, hero at Battle of Williamsberg. [1] August 4 Birth of Oliver Perry Morton (Governor-Ind). [1] August 11 Birth of Charlotte Mary Yonge England, writer (Heir of Redclyffe). [1] September 16 Birth of Francis Parkman American historian/author (Oregon Trail). [1] October 20 Birth of Thomas Hughes England, author (Tom Brown's School Days). [1] December 1 Birth of Ernest Reyer composer. [1] December 7 Birth of Leopold Kronecker German mathematician (Tensor of Kronecker). [1] December 10 Birth of Wilhelm Kuhe composer. [1] December 11 Birth of Yury Nikolayevich Golitsin composer. [1] December 15 Birth of Friedrich Gottlieb Schwencke composer. [1] December 21 Birth of Jean Henri Fabre France, entomologist (insects and spiders). [1] December 23 Birth of Alexandru Flechtenmacher composer. [1] December 25 Birth of Preston Smith Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), died in 1863. [1] December 28 Birth of Thomas Alexander Scott Assistant Secretary War (Union), died in 1881. [1] 1824 January 7 Birth of James Morrison Hawes Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1889. [1] January 8 Birth of Per August Olander composer. [1] Birth of William Wilkie Collins English novelist (The Woman in White, The Moonstone). [1] January 13 Birth of Ignacy Marceli Komorowski composer. [1] January 21 Birth of Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson Lieutenant-General second Corps (ANV, Confederacy). [1] January 22 Birth of Josef Leopold Zvonar composer. [1] January 27 Birth of Jozef Israëls Dutch painter. [1] January 29 Birth of Karl von Perfall composer. [1] February 3 Birth of George Thomas "Tige" Anderson Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] Birth of Nathan George "Shanks" Evans Brigadier General (Confederacy), died in 1868. [1] February 7 Birth of William Higgins discovered nature of spiral "nebulae". [1] February 8 Birth of Barnard Elliot Bee Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1861. [1] February 10 Birth of Samuel Plimsoll Bristol England, inventor (Plimsoll line for ships). [1] February 12 Birth of Arya Samaj Maha Rishi Dayanand Sarsvati Indian Hindu leader. [1] February 14 Birth of Winfield Scott Hancock Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1886. [1] February 17 Birth of William Farrar "Baldy" Smith Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1903. [1] February 19 Birth of Constantine D Uschinsky Russian educator. [1] February 23 Birth of Herman N van der Tuuk Dutch philologist (Tobasch' Grammar). [1] Birth of Lewis Cass Hunt Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1886. [1] February 24 Birth of John Crawford Vaughn Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1875. [1] February 26 Birth of Carlos Calvo Argentine diplomat/people rights scholar (Calvo Clause). [1] February 28 Birth of Charles Blondin France, acrobat/aerialist. [1] Birth of John Creed Moore Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1910. [1] March 2 Birth of Bedrich Friedrich Smetana Bohemian composer (Bartered Bride, Moldau). [1] Birth of Constantine D Uschinsky Russian theorist. [1] Birth of Henry Beebee Carrington Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1912. [1] March 5 Birth of Elisha Harris US, physician/found American Public Health Association. [1] Birth of James Merritt Ives lithographer (Currier and Ives). [1] March 9 Birth of Leland Stanford (Governor/Senator)/found Stanford University. [1] March 10 Birth of Major General Thomas J Churchill Confederate Army/Fought at Wilson's Creek, Red River. [1] March 12 Birth of Gustav R Kirchoff Prussia, physicist (spectral analysis). [1] March 15 Birth of Branko Radicevic Serbian poet (first Serbian Uprising). [1] March 22 Birth of William Henry Chase Whiting Major General (Confederate Army). [1] March 30 Birth of Innis Newton Palmer Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1] April 5 Birth of Sydney Thompson Dobell poet (The Roman). [1] April 20 Birth of Alfred Holt Colquitt Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1894. [1] April 21 Birth of Anselmo Clave composer. [1] April 24 Birth of Fournier Swiss/French postage stamp forger. [1] April 25 Birth of Gustave-Rodolphe-Clarence Boulanger painter. [1] April 27 Birth of William Richard Bexfield composer. [1] May 8 Birth of William Walker filibuster/President of Nicaragua (1856-57). [1] May 9 Birth of William Edmonson "Grumble" Jones Brigadier General (Confederate Army). [1] May 10 Birth of Charles Henry Van Wyck Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1895. [1] May 16 Birth of Edmund Kirby-Smith Florida, West Point graduate/educator/General (Confederate Army). [1] Birth of Levi Parsons Morton (Republican) 22nd US Vice President (1889-93). [1] May 23 Birth of Ambrose Everett Burnside Major General (Union volunteers). [1] May 29 Birth of Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox Major General (Confederate Army). [1] June 26 Birth of William Thomson Lord Kelvin, engineer/mathematician/physicist. [1] [5] June 28 Birth of Paul Broca France, brain surgeon/anthro (located speech center). [1] July 27 Birth of Alexandre Dumas fils France, playwright/novelist (Camille). [1] September 4 Birth of Anton Bruckner Austria, Wagner disciple and monumental bore. [1] Birth of Phoebe Cary Cincinnati, American poet (Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary). [1] September 28 Birth of Francis Turner Palgrave Eng, poet (Golden Treasury)/prof (Oxford). [1] October 6 Birth of Henry Chadwick baseball pioneer, developed first rule book. [1] December 5 Birth of Titian James Coffey Attorney General (Union), died in 1867. [1] December 10 Birth of George MacDonald Scotland, sci-fi author (Lilith, Princess and Curdie). [1] December 14 Birth of Pierre C Puvis de Chavannes French painter (Panthéon). [1] December 17 Birth of John Kerr System physicist (electro-visually Kerr-effect). [1] Birth of Manning Ferguson Force Brevet Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1899. [1] Birth of Thomas Starr King New York City, New York, Unitarian clergyman (Christianity and Humanity). [1] December 19 Birth of Hercules Robinson Ireland, South Africa Commissioner (1880-89, 1895-97). [1] December 24 Birth of Peter Cornelius composer. [1] December 26 Birth of Augustus Louis Chetlain Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1914. [1]