- January 13
- Birth of William Henry French; Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1881). [1]
- January 15
- Birth of Henry Morris Naglee; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1886). [1]
- January 16
- Birth of Henry Wagner "Old Brains" Halleck; US Major-General (Union Army). [1]
- January 18
- Birth of James Chesnut Junior; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1885). [1]
- Birth of Richard Yates in Warsaw, Kentucky, USA; Governor of Illinois (1861-65) (dies 1873). [1]
- Birth of Konstantin von Tischendorf in Lengefeld, Germany; Biblical critic, discovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a manuscript from the fourth century with most of the Old and New Testaments. [37]
- January 21
- Birth of Horace Wells; dentist (pioneered use of medical anesthesia). [1]
- January 28
- Birth of Andrew Jackson Hamilton; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1875). [1]
- February 2
- Birth of Nathaniel Collins McLean; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1905). [1]
- February 25
- Birth of Robert Hall Chilton; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1879). [1]
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- April 1
- Birth of Otto Von Bismarck in Germany; architect of German Empire, chancellor (1866-90). [1] [242.4]
- April 11
- Birth of Klara Fey; German orchestra leader (Deutscher Arbeiterverein). [1]
- April 24
- Birth of Anthony Trollope in England; novelist/poet (Barchester Towers). [1]
- Birth of James Edward Harrison; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1875). [1]
- April 28
- Birth of Andrew Jackson Smith; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1897). [1]
- April 29
- Birth of Abram Duryee; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1890). [1]
- May 19
- Birth of John Gross Barnard; US Brevet Major General (Union Army) (dies 1882). [1]
- May 27
- Birth of Henry Parkes; British journalist/premier of Australia. [1]
- August 29
- Birth of Anna Ella Carroll; US civil war writer (Reconstruction). [1]
- September 7
- Birth of Howell Cobb; US Treasury Secretary. [546.36]
- October 31
- Birth of Karl Weierstrass in Germany; mathematician (theory of functions). [1]
- November 1
- Birth of Crawford Williamson Long; surgeon/pioneer (use of ether). [1]
- November 2
- Birth of George Boole; mathematician (Boolean algebra). [1]
- November 15
- Birth of John Banvard in New York City, New York, USA; painted world's largest painting (3-mile canvas). [1]
- December 10
- Birth of Ada Byron (Lovelace) in London, England; considered the first computer programmer. [1]
- December 26
- Birth of Israel Bush Richardson; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1862). [1]
- December 31
- Birth of George Gordon Meade; US Major General (Union Army) (dies 1872). [1]
1816
- January 7
- Birth of Stephen Miller; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1881). [1]
- January 9
- Birth of John Palmer Usher; US Secretary of the Interior (Union) (dies 1889). [1]
- January 11
- Birth of Fitz-Henry Warren; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1878). [1]
- January 19
- Birth of Henry Gray; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1892). [1]
- January 26
- Birth of Lloyd Tilghman; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1863). [1]
- January 30
- Birth of Nathaniel Prentiss Banks; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1894). [1]
- March 12
- Birth of David Stuart; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1868). [1]
- March 14
- Birth of Montgomery Dent Corse in Alexandria, Virginia, USA; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1895). [1]
- March 29
- Birth of James Gallant Spears; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1869). [1]
- April 16
- Birth of Edward "Old Allegheny" Johnson; Major General (Confederate Army). [1]
- April 21
- Birth of Charlotte Brontë in Tornton, Yorkshire, England; novelist (Jane Eyre). [1]
- April 22
- Birth of Philip James Bailey; English poet (Festus). [1]
- May 3
- Birth of Montgomery Cunningham Meigs; US Brevet Major General (Union Army) (dies 1892). [1]
- May 16
- Birth of Henry Hopkins Sibley; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1886). [1]
- May 24
- Birth of Emanuel Leutze; US painter (Washington Crossing the Delaware). [1]
- Birth of Robert Seaman Granger; Union Army Brevet Major General (dies 1894). [1]
- July 21
- Birth of Paul Julius, Baron von Reuter; founded Reuters news service. [1]
- July 23
- Birth of Charlotte Sanders Cushman; US actress (Lady MacBeth). [1]
- August 24
- Birth of Daniel Gooch; laid first successful transatlantic cables. [1]
- December 6
- Birth of Henry Eustace McCulloch; Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) (dies 1895). [1]
- December 13
- Birth of E Werner von Siemens; German artillery officer/inventor. [1]
- December 18
- Birth of Alfred Elzey Jones; Major General (Confederate Army) (dies 1871). [1]
- December 27
- Birth of Eliakim Parker Scammon; US Brigadier-General (Union volunteers) (dies 1894). [1]
1817
- January 8
- Birth of John Selden Roane; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1867). [1]
- January 14
- Birth of Harmen S Sytstra; Dutch poet/editor (Iduna). [1]
- January 15
- Birth of Lewis Golding Arnold; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1871). [1]
- January 31
- Birth of Antony Winkler Prins; Dutch writer (Groiler Encyclopaedia). [1]
- February 2
- Birth of John Glover; English chemist (sulfuric acid). [1]
- February 3
- Birth of Samuel Ryan Curtis; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1866). [1]
- February 7
- Birth of Leroy Pope Walker; US lawyer/Confederate minister of War (1861). [1]
- February 8
- Birth of Richard Stoddert Ewell; Lieutenant General (Confederate Army) (dies 1872). [1]
- February 18
- Birth of Lewis Addison Armistead; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1863). [1]
- Birth of Walter Page Lane; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1892). [1]
- February 19
- Birth of Willem III; last male King of Netherlands (1849-90). [1]
- February 21
- Birth of José Zorrilla y Moral in Vallodolid, Spain; poet/dramatist (El rey Loco). [1]
- February 28
- Birth of James Craig; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1888). [1]
- March 2
- Birth of János Arany in Hungary; epic poet (Toldi, Death of King Buda). [1]
- March 19
- Birth of Lewis Henry Little; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1862). [1]
- March 22
- Birth of Braxton Bragg; General (Confederate Army) (dies 1876). [1]
- March 26
- Birth of Herman Haupt; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers), (dies 1905). [1]
- April 4
- Birth of John Wilson Sprague; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1893). [1]
- April 13
- Birth of Alphonse Wauters; Belgian historian/archivist (Brussels). [1]
- April 18
- Birth of George Henry Lewes; English philosophical writer (Life of Goethe). [1]
- May 18
- Birth of James William Denver; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1892). [1]
- September 6
- Birth of Alexander Tilloch Galt; a Canadian founding father. [1]
- November 8
- Birth of Philos Tyler in Connecticut, USA; engineer (Pontchartrain Railroad), coiner (New Oleans Mint (1839-1847)), superintendent (American Machine Works), mayor (Springfield (1854)). [1652.55]
- November 12
- Birth of Bahá'u'lláh (Mirza Husayn Ali); founded Bahá'ís faith. [1]
- November 21
- Birth of Richard B Garnett; US Brigadier General (killed during Pickett's charge). [1]
- November 30
- Birth of Theodor Mommsen in Germany; historian/writer (Nobel Prize 1902). [1]
- December 19
- Birth of James Jay Archer; Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) (dies 1864). [1]
1818
- January 11
- Birth of John Reese Kenly; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1891). [1]
- January 14
- Birth of Zacharias Topelius; Finnish historical novelist (Surgeon's Stories). [1]
- January 17
- Birth of Antoine Dorion; joint premier of Canada (Liberal, 1858, 1863-64). [1]
- January 31
- Birth of William Raine Peck; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1871). [1]
- February 8
- Birth of Austin Blair; Governor/MC (Union) (dies 1894). [1]
- February 12
- Birth of Otto Ludwig; German writer (Die Heiterethei). [1]
- February 23
- Birth of Jeremy F Gilmer; Major General, Chief Engineer Confederate War Department. [1]
- March 10
- Birth of George Wythe Randolph; Secretary of War (Confederacy) (dies 1867). [1]
- March 11
- Birth of John Wilkins Whitfield; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1879). [1]
- March 12
- Birth of John Lorimar Worden; US Captain (Union Navy) (dies 1897). [1]
- March 13
- Birth of Albion Parris Howe; US Brevet Major General (Union Army) (dies 1897). [1]
- March 23
- Birth of Don Carlos Buell; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1898). [1]
- March 25
- Birth of Isaac Ingalls Stevens; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1862). [1]
- March 28
- Birth of Wade Hampton in Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Lieutenant General (Confederate Army) (dies 1902). [1]
- April 5
- Birth of Lewis Baldwin Parsons; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers). [1]
- April 8
- Birth of Christaan IX; king of Denmark (1863-1906). [1]
- April 16
- Birth of Charles J. Folger; US Treasury Secretary. [618.77]
- April 22
- Birth of Cadwallader Colden Washburn; US Major General (Union volunteers). [1]
- April 29
- Birth of Alexander II [N Romanov]; Tsar of Russia (1855-81). [1]
- May 5
- Birth of Karl Marx; philosopher (Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital). [1]
- May 13
- Birth of James Parsons Major in Somersetshire, England; designer and engraver, designed first US postage stamps (1847 5-cent, 10-cent), banknote engraver with American Banknote Company. [958.832]
- May 20
- Birth of William George Fargo; founder (Wells Fargo). [1]
- May 28
- Birth of Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard in St-Bernard, Louisiana, USA; Confederate General (Hero of Sumter). [1]
- June 17
- Birth of Charles Gounod in Paris, France; opera composer (Faust). [1]
- July 6
- Birth of Adolf Anderssen in Prussia; world chess champion (1851-66). [1]
- July 30
- Birth of Emily Brontë in England; novelist (Wuthering Heights). [1]
- September 12
- Birth of Richard Jordan Gatling; American inventor (hand-cranked machine gun) (dies 1903). [1] [5]
- November 5
- Birth of Benjamin F Butler; US Union general/presidential candidate (anti-monopoly). [1]
- November 9
- Birth of Ivan Turgenev in Russia; novelist/poet/playwright (Fathers and Sons). [1]
- November 29
- Birth of George Brown; Canadian publisher (Toronto Globe), Prime Minister (Liberal, 1858). [1]
- December 4
- Birth of William Wing "Old Blizzards" Loring; Major General (Confederate Army). [1]
- December 12
- Birth of Paul Octave Hebert; Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) (dies 1880). [1]
- December 13
- Birth of Mary Todd in Lexington, Kentucky, USA; spouse of President Abraham Lincoln. [1] [547.66]
- December 21
- Birth of Lewis H Morgan; US etnologist (Systems of Consanguinity). [1]
- December 23
- Birth of David Addison Weisiger; Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) (dies 1899). [1]
- December 24
- Birth of James Prescott Joule; physicist (discovered conservation of energy). [1]
- December 30
- Birth of James Cantey; Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) (dies 1874). [1]
1819
- January 1
- Birth of Philip Schaff in Chur, Switzerland; early proponent of Protestant/Catholic ecumenicism. [37]
- Birth of George Foster Shepley; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1878). [1]
- January 3
- Birth of Thomas Hill Watts; Attorney General (Confederacy) (dies 1892). [1]
- January 12
- Birth of Zealous Bates Tower; US Brevet Major General (Union Army) (dies 1900). [1]
- January 14
- Birth of Frederick Steele; US Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1868). [1]
- February 1
- Birth of Henry Lawrence Eustis; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1885). [1]
- February 4
- Birth of Joshua Norton in San Francisco, California; Norton I, emperor of USA. [1]
- February 8
- Birth of John Ruskin; writer/critic/artist/Gothic Revivalist (Prerafaelite). [1]
- February 14
- Birth of James Green Martin; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1878). [1]
- February 15
- Birth of Christopher Sholes in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, USA; inventor (typewriter). [1]
- March 11
- Birth of Henry Tate; English sugar producer (Tate Gallery). [1]
- Birth of Marius Petipa; French ballet dancer/choreographer (Don Quiotte). [1]
- March 19
- Birth of David Henry Williams; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1891). [1]
- March 22
- Birth of William Wirt Adams; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1888). [1]
- March 29
- Birth of Edwin Drake; drilled first productive US oil well. [1]
- Birth of Isaac Mayer Wise; rabbi, founded American Hebrew Congregations. [1]
- April 14
- Birth of Charles Halle; pianist/conductor/founder (Halle Orchestra). [1]
- April 18
- Birth of Franz von Suppé in Spalato, Dalmatia; composer (Light Cavalry Overture). [1]
- May 1
- Birth of William Steele; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1885). [1]
- May 15
- Birth of Thomas Leonidas Crittenden; US Major General (Union volunteers). [1]
- May 16
- Birth of Daniel Ammen; US Captain (Union Navy) (dies 1898). [1]
- May 24
- Birth of Victoria Alexandrine in London, England; Queen of Great Britain (1837-1901). [1]
- May 27
- Birth of Julia Ward Howe; US author/lecturer (Battle Hymn of the Republic). [1]
- May 28
- Birth of William Birney; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1907). [1]
- May 31
- Birth of Walt Whitman in West Hills, New York, USA; poet (Leaves of Grass). [1]
- June 5
- Birth of John Couch Adams; co-discover (Neptune). [1]
- June 10
- Birth of Gustave Courbet in France; realist painter (Funeral at Ornans). [1]
- June 12
- Birth of Charles Kingsley in England; clergyman/novelist (Westward Ho!). [1]
- June 20
- Birth of Jacques Offenbach in Cologne; French composer (Tales of Hoffmann). [1]
- June 30
- Birth of William A Wheeler; 19th Vice President (Republican, 1877-81). [1]
- July 9
- Birth of Elias Howe in Spencer, Massachusetts, USA; invented sewing machine. [1]
- August 1
- Birth of Herman Melville; US author (Moby Dick, Billy Budd). [1]
- August 13
- Birth of George Gabriel Stokes; physicist/mathematician (Spectroscope). [1]
- August 25
- Birth of Allan Pinkerton; founded Chicago detective agency. [1]
- August 26
- Birth of Prince Albert in Saxon; duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; Consort to Queen Victoria. [729.51]
- September 17
- Birth of Thomas Andrews Hendricks; 21st US Vice President (Democrat). [1]
- September 18
- Birth of Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault; his pendulum proved Earth rotates (dies 1868). [1] [5]
- October 20
- Birth of Mirza Ali Mohammad [The Báb]; forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh. [1]
- November 10
- Birth of Cyrus West Field; financier/success of first transatlantic cable. [1]
- November 22
- Birth of George Eliot in England; novelist (Silas Marner). [1]
- December 16
- Birth of Robert Selden Garnett; Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) (dies 1861). [1]
- December 17
- Birth of Samuel Jones; Major General (Confederate Army) (dies 1887). [1]
- December 18
- Birth of Jakov P Polonski; Russian poet (Stichotvorenija). [1]
- December 19
- Birth of James Clifford Veatch; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1895). [1]
- December 22
- Birth of George Eliot in England; Victorian novelist (Adam Bede). [1]
- December 30
- Birth of John White Geary; US Brevet Major General (Union volunteers) (dies 1873). [1]
- Birth of Theodor Fontane; German writer (Effi Briest). [1]
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