Chronology of Space Exploration

Copyright © 2007-2024 Ken Polsson
internet e-mail: ken@kpolsson.com
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URL: http://kpolsson.com/space/

References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2023 December 20.


1975

January 11
  • Soyuz 17 carries two cosmonauts to space station Salyut 4. [1]
January 22
  • Landsat 2, an Earth Resources Technology Satellite, launched. [1]
February 9
  • Soyuz 17 returns to Earth. [1]
March 16
  • US Mariner 10 makes third and final fly-by of Mercury. [1]
April 5
  • Soyuz 18A launch aborted short of orbit; cosmonauts return safely. [1]
April 19
  • India launches first satellite with help of USSR. [1]
May 7
  • Small Astronomy Satellite Explorer 53 launched to study X-rays. [1]
May 24
  • Soyuz 18B carries two cosmonauts to space station Salyut 4. [1]
May 28
  • Soyuz 18 launched. [1]
May 30
  • European Space Agency (ESA) forms. [1]
June 8
  • USSR launches Venera 9 for Venus landing. [1]
June 9
  • E Roemer discovers asteroid #1983 Bok. [1]
June 13
  • Felix Aguilar Observatory discovers asteroid #2219 Mannucci. [1]
June 14
  • USSR launches Venera 10 for Venus landing. [1]
June 21
  • Soyuz 19 returns to Earth. [1]
July 1
  • Felix Aguilar Observatory discovers asteroid #2680. [1]

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July 11
  • L Chernykh discovers asteroid #2489 Suvorov. [1]
July 15
  • Soyuz 19 and Apollo 18 launched; rendezvous two days later. [1]
July 17
  • American Apollo 18 and Soviet Soyuz 19 spacecraft dock with each other in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations. [1] [5]
July 19
  • Apollo and Soyuz, linked in orbit for two days, separate. [1]
July 24
  • Apollo 18 returns to Earth. [1]
July 26
  • Soyuz 18B returns to Earth. [1]
August 20
  • American Viking 1 launched toward orbit around Mars. [1]
August 29
  • Star in Cygnus goes nova becoming fourth brightest in sky. [1]
September 9
  • Viking 2 is launched toward orbit around Mars. [1]
September 17
  • Rollout of first space shuttle orbiter Enterprise (OV-101). [1]
October 12
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-195. [1]
October 17
  • First Space Shuttle main engine test at National Space Tech Labs, Mississippi. [1]
October 21
  • Venera 9, first craft to orbit the planet Venus. [1]
October 22
  • Soviet spacecraft Venera 9 soft-lands on Venus. [1]
October 25
  • USSR's Venera 10 makes day-side Venus landing. [1]
December 5
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-196; it fails. [1]

1976

January 15
  • US-German Helios B solar probe launched into solar orbit. [1]
January 17
  • Hermes rocket launched by European Space Agency. [1]
January 29
  • Zeiss planetarium in Hague, Netherlands, destroyed by fire. [1]
May 22
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-179. [1]
June 19
  • US Viking 1 goes into Martian orbit after 10-month flight from Earth. [1]
July 6
  • Soyuz 21 carries two cosmonauts to Salyut 5 space station. [1]
July 20
  • US Viking 1 lands on Mars at Chryse Planitia, first Martian landing. [1] [5]
July 31
  • NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo taken by Viking 1. [5]
August 7
  • Scientists in Pasadena, California, announce Viking 1 found strongest indications to date of possible life on Mars. [1]
  • American Viking 2 goes into Martian orbit after 11-month flight from Earth. [1] [5]
August 9
  • USSR launches Luna 24, to the Moon. [1]
August 12
  • First approach and lands test (ALT) of NASA space shuttle orbiter Enterprise. [1]
August 18
  • USSR's Luna 24 soft-lands on Moon. [1]
August 24
  • Soyuz 21 returns to Earth. [1]
September 1
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-197. [1]
September 3
  • American Viking 2 soft lands on Mars (Utopia), returns photos. [1] [5]
September 15
  • Soyuz 22 carries two cosmonauts into Earth orbit for eight days. [1]
September 17
  • NASA publicly unveils space shuttle Enterprise in Palmdale, California. [1]
September 23
  • Soyuz 22 returns to Earth. [1]
October 14
  • Soyuz 23 carries two to Salyut 6, but returns without docking. [1]
October 16
  • Soyuz 23 returns to Earth. [1]
November 25
  • Viking 1 radio signal from Mars helps prove general theory of relativity. [1]

1977

February 2
  • Burn up of Salyut 4 Space Station (USSR). [1]
February 7
  • Soyuz 24 launches with two cosmonauts. [1]
February 19
  • Space shuttle Enterprise makes first test flight atop a 747 jetliner. [1] [5]
February 25
  • Soyuz 24 returns to Earth. [1]
March 10
  • Rings of Uranus discovered during occultation of SAO. [1]
April 29
  • British Aerospace forms. [1]
June 18
  • Space Shuttle test model Enterprise carries a crew aloft. [1]
July 12
  • First free flight test of space shuttle Enterprise. [1]
July 14
  • N Chernykh discovers asteroids #2286 Fesenkov, #2492 Kutuzov. [1]
July 19
  • N Chernykh discovers asteroid #2228 Soyuz-Apollo. [1]
August 12
  • High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 launched into Earth orbit. [1]
  • Space shuttle Enterprise makes first atmospheric flight. [1] [5]
August 13
  • First test glide of the space shuttle. [1]
September 5
  • Voyager 1 (US) satellite launched toward fly-by of Jupiter and Saturn. [1] [5]
September 18
  • US Voyager I takes the first space photograph of the Earth and Moon together. [1] [5]
September 20
  • Voyager 2 launched for fly-by of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. [1]
September 29
  • Soviet space station Salyut 6 is launched into Earth orbit. [1]
October 9
  • Soyuz 25 is launched to Salyut 6, but returns after failing to dock. [1]
October 11
  • Soyuz 25 returns to Earth. [1]
October 12
  • 4th test of the space shuttle Enterprise. [1]
October 22
  • International Sun-Earth Explorers 1 and 2 launched into Earth orbit. [1]
October 26
  • 5th and final test of space shuttle Enterprise. [1]
October 27
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-200. [1]
November 23
  • European weather satellite Meteosat 1 is launched from Cape Canaveral. [1]
December 10
  • Soyuz 26 carries two cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station. [1]
December 20
  • First space walk made by G Grechko from Salyut. [1]

1978

January 10
  • Soyuz 27 carries two cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station. [1]
January 11
  • Soyuz 27 links with Salyut 6 and Soyuz 26 (first time three spacecraft link). [1]
January 16
  • Soyuz 27 returns to Earth. [1]
January 18
  • Thiokol conducts second test firing of space shuttle's solid rocket boosters. [1]
January 24
  • Soviet satellite Cosmos 954 burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering debris over Canada's Northwest Territories. [841]
January 26
  • International Ultraviolet Explorer placed in Earth orbit. [1]
March 2
  • Soyuz 28 (Aleksei Gubarev, Vladimir Remek) is launched on a rendezvous with Salyut 6, with the first cosmonaut from a third country (besides the Soviet Union and United States) - Czechoslovak citizen Vladimír Remek. [1] [841]
March 5
  • Landsat 3 launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. [1]
March 10
  • Soyuz 28 returns to Earth. [1] [841]
March 16
  • Soyuz 26 returns to Earth. [1]
March 31
  • USSR launches Kosmos 1000 navigational satellite. [1]
April 26
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-201. [1]
May 20
  • US launches Pioneer Venus 1; produces first global radar map of Venus. [1]
June 6
  • A Mrkos discovers asteroids #2199 Klet and #3339. [1]
June 15
  • Soyuz 29 carries two cosmonauts to Salyut 6. (They stay 139 days.) [1]
June 22
  • Charon, a satellite of the dwarf planet Pluto, is discovered by James Christy. [1] [5] [841]
June 27
  • Soyuz 30 carries two cosmonauts (one Polish) to Salyut 6 space station. [1]
June 28
  • The U.S. scientific satellite Seasat is launched, the first dedicated oceanographic satellite. [841]
July 4
  • L Chernykh discovers asteroid #3332. [1]
July 5
  • Soyuz 30 spacecraft touches down in Soviet Kazakhstan. [1]
July 8
  • Pioneer-Venus 2 Multi-probe launched to Venus. [1]
July 9
  • L Chernykh discovers asteroid #2530 Shipka. [1]
July 10
  • E F Helinand E Shoemaker discovers asteroid #3484. [1]
July 28
  • Perth Observatory discovers asteroids #3188 and #3422. [1]
July 29
  • Pioneer 11 transmits images of Saturn and its rings. [1]
August 8
  • Pioneer-Venus 2 with five atmospheric probes launched toward Venus. [1]
August 26
  • Soyuz 31 carries two cosmonauts (one the first East German, Sigmund Jähn) to Salyut 6. [1] [5]
September 3
  • Crew of Soyuz 31 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 29. [1]
October 10
  • A massive short circuit in Seasat's electrical system ends the satellite's scientific mission. [841]
October 13
  • Tiros N, America's first third-generation weather satellite, is launched. [1]
November 2
  • Crew of Soyuz 29 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 31. [1]
November 13
  • NASA launches HEAO. [1]
December 4
  • Pioneer Venus 1 goes into orbit around Venus. [1]
December 9
  • Pioneer Venus 2 drops five probes into atmosphere of Venus. [1]

1979

February 7
  • Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was known to science, and will remain that way for 20 years. [1] [840]
February 12
  • Kosmos 1076, first Soviet oceanographic satellite, launched. [1]
February 18
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-202. [1]
February 21
  • Japan launches Hakucho x-ray satellite and Corsa-B (550/580 km). [1]
February 25
  • Soyuz 32 carries two cosmonauts to Salyut 6 space station. [1]
February 26
  • A total solar eclipse arcs over northern Canada, and a partial solar eclipse is visible over almost all of North America and Central America. [1] [840] [1588.15]
March 4
  • The U.S. Voyager I space probe photos reveal Jupiter's rings. [1] [840]
March 5
  • NASA's Voyager I space probe makes its closest approach to Jupiter (172,000 miles). [1] [5] [840]
March 7
  • The largest Magnetar (Soft gamma repeater) event is recorded. [840]
March 8
  • First extraterrestrial volcano discovered (Jupiter's satellite Io). [1]
  • Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) transported 38 miles overland from Palmdale. [1]
March 20
  • Columbia flies on Shuttle carrier aircraft to Kennedy Space Center. [1]
March 25
  • The first fully functional space shuttle orbiter (Columbia) is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch. [1] [5] [840]
April 5
  • Pioneer 11 launched towards Jupiter. [1]
April 10
  • Soyuz 33 launched with a Russian and a Bulgarian. [1]
April 12
  • Soyuz 33 returns to Earth. [1]
May 4
  • NASA launches Fltsatcom-2. [1]
May 5
  • Voyager 1 passes Jupiter. [1]
June 2
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-198. [1]
June 7
  • Bhaskara 1, Indian Earth resources/meteorology satellite, launched. [1]
June 15
  • First space shuttle solid rocket booster qualification test firing; 122 seconds. [1]
June 16
  • H-E Schuster discovers asteroid #2275. [1]
June 25
  • E F Helin and S J Bus discover asteroid #2343 Siding Spring. [1]
July 8
  • Voyager 2 takes first ever photo of Jupiter's satellite Adrastea (J14). [1]
July 9
  • Voyager 2 flies past Jupiter. [1]
July 11
  • American Skylab space station enters the atmosphere over Australia and disintegrates, after being in orbit for 6 years and 2 months. [1] [5] [840]
July 21
  • N Chernykh discovers asteroids #2585 Irpedina and #3298. [1]
July 23
  • E Bowell discovers asteroid #2736 Ops. [1]
July 31
  • N Chernykh discovers asteroids #2402 Satpaev and #2416 Sharonov. [1]
August 19
  • Crew of Soyuz 32 returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 34 after 175-day flight. [1]
August 30
  • First recorded occurrence - comet Howard-Koomur-Michels hits sun (energy equals 1 million hydrogen bombs). [1]
September 1
  • The U.S. Pioneer 11 becomes the first spacecraft to visit Saturn, when it passes the planet at a distance of 21,000 km. [1] [840]
September 20
  • NASA launches HEAO. [1]
October 30
  • NASA launches space vehicle S-203. [1]
December 24
  • The first European Ariane rocket is launched. [1] [5] [840]

End of 1975-1979. Next: 1980.

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A list of references to all source material is available.


Last updated: 2023 December 20.
Copyright © 2007-2024 Ken Polsson (email: ken@kpolsson.com).
URL: http://kpolsson.com/space/
Link to Ken P's home page.

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