- April 13
- English Short Parliament forms (to May 5). [1]
- May 3
- English Upper house accept Act of Attainder. [1]
- May 5
- English Short Parliament unites. [1]
- May 12
- Uprising against Spanish king Philip IV. [1]
- May 30
- André Duchesne French historian/genealogy, dies. [1]
- Peter Paul Rubens Flemish painter, dies at age 62. [1]
- November 3
- English Parliament meets, on summon by King Charles. (Dissolved in March 1660, becomes known as the Long Parliament.) [856.9]
- December 1
- Portugal regains independence after 60 years of Spanish rule. [1]
- December 6
- Matthijs Elsevier Flemish/Dutch book publisher/merchant, dies at age 75. [1]
- December 9
- Settler Hugh Bewitt banished from Massachusetts colony when he declares himself to be free of original sin. [1]
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- December 15
- Duke of Bragança crowned King Johan IV of Portugal. [1]
- December 25
- Pierre de Fermat writes to Marin Mersenne about Fermat's church thesis. [1]
1641
- January 3
- Jeremiah Horrocks English astronomical prodigy, dies at age 22. [1]
- January 11
- Franciscus Gomarus [François Gomaer], French theologist, dies. [1]
- January 14
- United East Indian Company conquerors city of Malakka, 7,000 killed. [1]
- February 16
- English king Charles I accept Triennial Act. [1]
- March 16
- General court declares Rhode Island a democracy and adopts new constitution. [1]
- May 10
- King Charles of England signs death warrant for Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, Lord Deputy in Ireland, on demand of Parliament and threat of mob violence against the palace of Whitehall, for ruling with despotic violence. The King also signs an act preventing dissolution of parliament without its consent. [856.10]
- May 12
- Prince Willem II (14) marries English princess Henriette Mary Stuart (9). [1]
- Thomas Wentworth, English viceroy of Ireland, beheaded at age 48. [1]
- June 20
- France and Sweden sign the Treaty of Hamburg. Sweden receives increased monetary subsidies from France, and agrees to continue fighting for the duration of the war. [7]
- July 23
- Spanish galleon Mestra Señora de la pura y Limpia Concepción leaves Vera Cruz, bound for Havana and Spain. [262.161]
- August 27
- Spanish galleon Mestra Señora de la pura y Limpia Concepción arrives in Havana from Vera Cruz, to be readied for sailing with treasure fleet for Spain. [262.161]
- September 28
- Spanish galleon Mestra Señora de la pura y Limpia Concepción sails from Havana with a treasure fleet for Spain. [1057.641,642] (September 20 [262.161])
- October 15
- Paul de Chomedy de Maisonneuve claims Montreal. [1]
- November 1
- Irish rebellion breaks out. [856.10]
- November 2
- Spanish galleon Mestra Señora de la pura y Limpia Concepción breaks up on a coral reef off the Bahamas, dumping its huge load of treasure. 190 survive of crew of 514. [450.24] [1057.642] (October 31 [262.163])
- December 1
- Massachusetts becomes first colony to give statutory recognition to slavery. [1]
- December 6
- Don Francisco de Mello appointed land guardian of South Netherlands. [1]
- December 9
- Anthonie "Antoon" van Dyck Flemish painter, dies at age 42. [1]
- December 22
- Maximilien de Béthune duke of Sully Prime Minister of France, dies at age 81. [1]
- December 25
- Emperor Ferdinand III makes appointments with Sweden and France. [1]
- December 27
- François van d'Aerssen ruler of Sommelsdijk/diplomat, dies at age 69. [1]
1642
- January 5
- King Charles of England orders impeachment of "The Five Members" of Commons leaders: John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Rolles, Sir Arthur Haslerigg, William Strode, and Lord Viscount Mandeville. [856.11]
- King Charles with over 100 soldiers enters English parliament to arrest five members, but they are not there. Charles is the first monarch since Henry VIII to enter the House of Commons by force. [856.11]
- January 8
- Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist/astronomer, dies at age 78 in Arceti, Italy. [1] [5] [129]
- January 10
- King Charles I and family flee London for Oxford. [1]
- February 24
- Marco da Gagliano Italian opera composer, dies at about age 66. [1]
- March 1
- Georgeana (York) Maine became the first incorporated American city. [1]
- March 9
- English Queen Henriette Mary arrives in Hellevoetsluis Netherlands. [1]
- March 12
- Abel Tasman is first European in New Zealand. [1]
- May 6
- Frans Francken the Younger, Flemish painter, dies on 61st birthday. [1]
- May 18
- Colony governor Sieur de Maisonneuve founds Ville Marie, later Montreal, in North America. [1] [614.136]
- June 2
- English Parliament issues the Nineteen Propositions, including terms of surrender of most powers of the king. [856.11]
- June 6
- English Parliament declares King Charles no longer a responsible person. [856.11]
- June 18
- King Charles of England respons to the Ninteen propositions of Parliament, giving the position of a balanced government of King, Lords, Commons; he warns of chaos following civil war. [856.11]
- July 11
- English Parliament accuses the King of having begun war on Parliament. [856.12]
- July 12
- English Parliament appoints Earl of Essex as Lord General. [856.12]
- July 15
- First bloodshed of English Civil War with a scuffle at Manchester. [856.12]
- August 13
- Christiaan Huygens discovers Martian south polar cap. [1]
- August 20
- Coventry, England, closes its gates to the King. [856.12]
- August 22
- In Nottingham, England, King Charles declares war on Parliament, calling on his subjects for aid. [304.54] [856.12] [1428.83]
- September 6
- English Parliament declares the cost of the civil war would be recouped from losers as well as those who did not support Parliament. [856.12]
- September 9
- Earl of Essex takes command of Parliament army of about 13,000 men at Northampton. [856.16]
- September 13
- King Charles of England arrives at Shester with an army of 13,500 men. [856.16]
- September 23
- Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, first commencement. [1]
- Prince Rupert's army and 1000 men on horse rout Earl of Essex's advance guard at Powick Bridge, south of Worchester, England. [856.16]
- October 23
- Armies of King Charles and of English Parliament meet at Edgehill in Warwickshire, about 26,000 total. Charles stands his ground, Essex's army retreats toward Warwick the next day. [856.17]
- November 17
- Prince Rupert's army takes and sacks Brentford, England. [856.17]
- November 24
- Abel Janzoon Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). [1]
- December 4
- Armand-Jean Duplessis Richelieu bishop of Luçon, dies at about age 57. [1]
- December 13
- New Zealand discovered by Dutch navigator Abel Tasman. [1]
- December 22
- Pope Urbanus VIII publishes degree In eminente. [1]
- December 23
- King Philip IV of Spain decrees a 20 percent debasement of silver coins to pay for military expeditions. [464.44] [566.24] [608.24]
1643
- January 23
- Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Leeds for the Parliamentarians. [1]
- February 7
- First European landing on island in South Atlantic by Dutchman Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot, named Tristan da Cunha. [1166.222]
- February 25
- Dutch US colonists kill Algonquin-Indians. [1]
- April 27
- Tirso de Molina's "Bellaco Sois, Gomez", premieres in Madrid. [1]
- May 13
- Battle at Grantham: English parliamentary armies beat royalists. [1]
- Heavy earthquake strikes Santiago Chile; kills 1/3 of population. [1]
- May 14
- Louis XIII king of France (1610-43), dies at age 41. [1]
- Louis XIV (4) becomes king of France. [1]
- May 19
- Battle at Rocroi/Allersheim: French army destroys Spanish army. [1]
- Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Harbor form United Colonies of New England. [1]
- July 5
- First recorded tornado in US (Essex County, Massachusetts). [1]
- July 26
- In England, Prince Rupert storms Bristol. [309.38]
- December 8
- John Pym, English House of Commons member, dies at about age 59. [1]
- December 25
- Captain William Mynors founds and names Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean. [5] [992.29]
1644
- January 18
- Perplexed Pilgrims in Boston reported America's first UFO sighting. [1]
- January 24
- Battle at Nantwich Cheshire Parliamentary armies win. [1]
- January 30
- William Chillingworth English theologian, Cambridge Platonist, dies. [1]
- February 5
- First US livestock branding law passed, by Connecticut. [1]
- March 5
- Louise Juliana countess of Nassau, dies at age 73. [1]
- March 7
- Massachusetts establishes first two-chamber legislature in colonies. [1]
- March 14
- England grants patent for Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island). [1]
- March 19
- 200 members of Peking imperial family/court commit suicide. [1]
- Si Sang last Ming-emperor of China, commits suicide. [1]
- March 24
- Cecilia Renata arch duchess of Austria, dies. [1]
- March 31
- Pope Urbanus VIII and duke of Parma signs Peace of Ferrara. [1]
- April 29
- Farm leader Li Zicheng becomes emperor of China and flees Peking. [1]
- May 6
- Johan Mauritius resigns as Governor of Brazil. [1]
- May 23
- Johan Mauritius van Nassau resigns as head of Civil rights activists. [1]
- July 2
- Battle of Marston Moor at York, England; Parliamentary and Scot forces defeat royalists, massacre the royalist infantry. [1] [859.40] [1428.83]
- July 16
- English Parliamentarians occupy York. [859.40]
- October 27
- King Charles of England with army of 10,000 meets 17,000-man army of Parliament at Newbury; following battle, the King withdraws to Oxford. [859.42]
- November 19
- First Protestant ministry society in New England. [1]
- December 4
- First European peace congress opens in Münster. [1]
- December 8
- Kristina, daughter of the late Swedish King Gustav Adolf, is proclaimed of age on her 18th birthday, and becomes ruling Queen of Sweden. [7]
1645
- January 10
- William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury is beheaded for treason at age 71. [1]
- March 24
- Battle at Jankov Bohemia: Sweden beat Roman Catholic emperor Ferdinand III. [1]
- April 2
- Robert Devereux resigns as parliament supreme commander. [1]
- April 3
- English parliament accept Self-Denying Ordinance. [1]
- April 7
- Michael Cardozo becomes first Jewish lawyer in Brazil. [1]
- April 19
- Anton van Diemen Governor-General (Netherlands East Indies), dies at about age 51. [1]
- William Smith composer, dies at age 42. [1]
- June 14
- At Naseby in Northamptonshire, King Charles' army is decisively beaten. The King escapes, leaving five years of confidential correspondence, all baggage and artillery, his infantry killed or captured. [241.9] [859.43] [1428.83]
- August 13
- At Brömsebro, peace is signed between Sweden and Denmark. Sweden gains the islands of Gotland and Ösel, and Halland (for 30 years) from Denmark. Norway cedes to Sweden the northern provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen. Denmark regains Scania and keeps Blekinge. [7]
- August 30
- Dutch and Indians sign peace treaty. [1]
1646
- February 14
- English Parliament's New Model Army defeats Royalist army at Torrington. [859.44]
- March 6
- Joseph Jenkes, Massachusetts, receives first colonial machine patent. [1]
- March 21
- Lord Astley surrenders last Royalist field force of 3000 men at Stow-in-the-Wold, essentially ending the English Civil War. [859.44]
- April 27
- King Charles I flees Oxford. [1]
- May 5
- King Charles of England surrenders at Newark, Scotland. [1] [241.9] [859.45]
- May 6
- First American patent awarded to New England die (coin) sinker Joseph Jenks. [404.44] [405.22]
- May 30
- Spain and Netherlands sign temporary cease fire. [1]
- June 20
- In England, Oxford city surrenders to Fairfax. [309.35] (June 24 [859.45])
- In England, Parliament signs a peace treaty with Royalists. [304.55]
- December 7
- Princess Louise Henriette (19) marries monarch Frederik Henry. [1]
1647
- January 19
- Johan van Beverwijck physician (Treasurer of Ongesontheyt), dies at age 52. [1]
- January 23
- Scottish Presbyterians sell captured Charles I to English parliament. [1]
- January 30
- Scots agree to sell King Charles I to English Parliament for £400. [1]
- March 14
- Frederik Hendrik count of Nassau/prince of Orange, dies at age 63. [1]
- March 25
- Cape of Good Hope; tour ship Haerlem stranded in Tafel Bay. [1]
- April 25
- Matthias Gallas Austrian earl of Campo/duke of Lucerna, dies at age 62. [1]
- May 19
- Sebastian Vrancx Flemish painter (captain of vigilante), dies. [1]
- May 21
- Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft poet/playwright (Warenar), dies at about age 65. [1]
- May 23
- Willem II sworn in as viceroy of Holland. [1]
- May 26
- Massachusetts disallows priest access to colony. [1]
- May 27
- Achsah Young becomes first woman known to be executed as a witch (Massachusetts). [1]
- June 4
- British army seizes King Charles I as a prisoner. [1]
- June 24
- Lord Baltimore's niece ejected requesting vote at Maryland Council. [1]
- July 7
- Thomas Hooker clergyman, father of American democracy, dies. [1]
- November 11
- Massachusetts passes first US compulsory school attendance law. [1]
1648
- January 14
- Casparus Barleaus Flemish theologist/poet (Muiderkring), dies at age 63. [1]
- January 20
- Cornerstone of Amsterdam town hall laid. [1]
- January 23
- Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla Spanish poet (Del Rey Abajo), dies at age 40. [1]
- January 30
- Spain and Netherlands sign Peace of Münster, ending Tachtigjarige War. [1]
- February 21
- Christian IV king of Denmark/Norway, dies. [1]
- March 12
- Tirso de Molina Spanish author, dies at about age 63. [1]
- April 5
- Spanish troops/feudal barons strike down people's uprising in Naples. [1]
- April 11
- Matthaus Apelles von Lowenstern composer, dies at age 53. [1]
- April 12
- University of Harderwijk Netherlands solemn opens. [1]
- April 22
- Catharina Belgian van Nassau daughter of Willem, dies at age 69. [1]
- English army claims king Charles I responsible for bloodshed. [1]
- April 26
- Christoph Thomas Walliser composer, dies at age 79. [1]
- May 6
- Battle at Zólty Wody-Bohdan Chmielricki's Cossaks beat John II Casimir. [1]
- May 15
- Treaty of Münster: Spain and Netherlands ratified. [1]
- May 16
- Battle at Zólty Wody: Bohdan Chmielricki's cosacks beat John Casimir. [1]
- May 17
- Emperor Ferdinand III defeats Maximilian I of Bavaria. [1]
- May 20
- Wladyslaw IV Wasa King of Poland, dies. [1]
- October 4
- Peter Stuyvesant establishes Americas first volunteer firemen. [1]
- October 18
- First US labor organization forms (Boston Shoemakers). [1]
- October 24
- (1400 hours) At Münster, the final peace treaties of Westphalia are signed, ending the Thirty Years War in Europe. Sweden gains territory controlling mouths of three German rivers: Oder, Elbe, and Weser. The King of Sweden adds the titles of duke of Bremen-Verden, duke of Pomerania, prince of Rügen, and lord of Wismar. [7] [37]
- November 2
- 12,000 Jews massacred by Chmielnicki hordes in Narol, Podlia. [1]
- November 11
- Dutch and French agree to divide Saint Maarten, Leeward Islands. [1]
- December 6
- Pride's Purge: Thomas Pride prevents 96 presbyterians from sitting in English parliament. Rump parliament establishes High Court of Justice to try the King for high treason by levying war against his people. [1] [859.51]
1649
- January 20
- Trial of King Charles of England begins, in Westminster Hall. English Parliament charges the King with treason. [832.65] [859.51]
- January 21
- King Charles Stuart gives his defence to English Parliament on charge of treason. [832.67]
- January 24
- English trial sentences King Charles to death. [859.51]
- January 30
- Charles Stuart, King of Great Britain (1625-49), is beheaded for treason, at Pontefract Castle, outside Banqueting Hall at Whitehall. [1] [309.41] [394.43] [402.40] [413.92] [832.67] [859.51]
- February 5
- Prince of Wales becomes English king Charles II. [1]
- February 6
- English House of Commons votes to abolish House of Peers. [309.41]
- February 7
- English House of Commons votes to abolish the office of king. [309.41]
- March 11
- Treaty of Rueil destroys first Fronde-uprising. [1]
- March 17
- Gerardus Johannis Vossius [Gerrit Vos], Dutch regent, dies at age 71. [1]
- April 5
- John Winthrop first Governor Massachusetts Bay Colony, dies at age 61. [1]
- April 21
- Maryland Toleration Act passed, allowing all freedom of worship. [1]
- May 12
- Isaac Doreslaer English lawyer/diplomat, murdered. [1]
- June 14
- Jesuits set fire to Sainte-Marie in North America, abandoning the settlement created in 1639, due to Iroquois on the warpath against them. [614.2]
- September 12
- Drogheda, Ireland falls to Puritan troops; inhabitants massacred. [1]
- December 4
- Outgert Arisz Akersloot Dutch silversmith, dies at about age 73. [1]
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