Concepts

The Way of the Intellect

KEYWORDS: science studies; history of science; philosophy of science; logic; knowledge; epistemology; truth; reality; concept; theory; metascience; STS; historiography; revolution; progress; paradigm; Weltanschauung; world-view; meme; philosophy of science; logic; knowledge; epistemology; truth; reality; concept; theory

Our science has concentrated on asking certain questions at the expense of others, although this is so woven into the fabric of our knowledge that we are generally unaware of it. In another world, the basic questions may have been asked differently.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

The important thing about our perception of Nature is that by the time we realize a problem exists we are already on the way to its solution. We are shielded from the problems we would have no hope at all of solving, simply because we cannot conceive of them. Our concepts are built from the things we can understand, and they serve us very well at our particular level of sophistication. But they scarcely permit us even a glimpse of a more advanced stage of sophistication. This is as well, for otherwise we should soon become discouraged.

Fred Hoyle

Our only experience of a successful scientific culture is of the one that actually evolved, over a period of three centuries, in the heart of European civilization. What principles were essential to its achievements, and how might those principles be safeguarded as this culture itself undergoes radical change?

John Ziman

List of Contents
Philosophy Science Studies History and Philosophy of Science History and Philosophy of Mathematics History and Philosophy of Physics History/Philosophy of Astronomy/Cosmology History and Philosophy of Earth Sciences History and Philosophy of Life Sciences History and Philosophy of Social Sciences Religion and Science Palaetiology

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Science	Mathematics	Cosmos	Earth	Life	Mind	Man	Ideas
Tools	Space	Art	Rhetoric	Power	Evil	Hope	Faith

Science Studies

General Resources
History and Philosophy of Science
History and Philosophy of Mathematics
History and Philosophy of Physics
History and Philosophy of Astronomy and Cosmology
History and Philosophy of Earth Sciences
History and Philosophy of Life Sciences
History and Philosophy of Social Sciences
Religion and Science
Palaetiology


We attain knowledge of the natural world by simultaneously employing two distinct methods. There is that which is particularly evident in the naturalist: the qualitative perception of relationships. This has the virtue that it respects the phenomena we witness as well as our ideas about them. It has the danger that the value we place on the facts is for us to decide. Integrity is essential; without it we shall only find what we intend. The other method is that of construction of hypotheses by logical development from accepted assumptions. ... It has the virtue that we are compelled to face the logical consequences of our assumptions. It has the danger that we may tend to prefer to study only those aspects of nature which yield hypotheses that relieve us from the necessity of decision, rather than those which most closely represent the whole of nature.

Carl Pantin

The pursuit of puzzle solving constantly involves practitioners with questions of politics and power, both within and between the puzzle-solving practices, as well as between them and the surrounding non-scientific culture. But in the evolution of human practices, such interests have governed from the start. What further development has brought with it is not their subordination but the specialization of the functions to which they are put. Puzzle-solving is one of the families of practices that has arisen during that evolution, and what it produces is knowledge of nature.

Thomas S. Kuhn

Epistemology models ontology.

John Polkinghorne

For Science Resources, see Science Resources.

AAAS Science and Technology Policy Yearbook

Aarhus Network for Science, Technology and Medicine Studies
(Aarhus University)

African Americans Do Science (ERIC CSMEE)

AGU Web Site: Science & Society (American Geophysical Union)

Alan Sokal Articles on the "Social Text" Affairs

Anthro.Net: Science

Association for Politics and the Life Sciences

Astrolabe: Ethical Navigations through Virtual Technologies (ACCAD)

A to Z Guide to Political Interference in Science (Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts)

Australian Centre for Science, Innovation and Society
(University of Melbourne)

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (Harvard University)

A Blog Around The Clock (Bora Zivkovic, Chapel Hill, North Carolina)

Butterflies and Wheels (ed. Ophelia Benson & Jeremy Stangroom)

Center for Science and Technology Policy Research
(University of Colorado at Boulder)

Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) Home Page

-- Canadian Edition Home Page

Center for Science, Technology and Congress (American Association for the Advancement of Science)

Center for Science, Technology, and Public Policy
(Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs)

Center for the Study of Law, Science, and Technology (ASU)

The Center for the Study of Technology and Society (Washington, D.C.)

Codes of Ethics Online: Science (Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions)

Committee on Science (Democratic Caucus, U.S. House of Representatives)

Concentration of the Most-Cited Papers in the Scientific Literature: Analysis of Journal Ecosystems (John P. A. Ioannidis, PLoS ONE 1(1):e5, 20 Dec 2006)

Coombs COMPARATIV-SCI-L Database

CORDIS: Community Research & Development Information Service

CORDIS | Raising Public Awareness

De-localized Production of Scientific Knowledge (Webcast of presentation by Peter Galison, Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University, 11 Sep 2007)

Deltoid (blog by Tim Lambert)

Democratic Caucus, Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives

DRZE - German National Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences

EIROforum - Science Policy Opinion Papers (European Intergovernmental Research Organisation)

The Environmental Wars : The Science behind the Politics (Conference hosted by the Skeptics Society, Caltech, 2-4 Jun 2006)

Essays on Science and Society (Science Magazine, AAAS)

Ethics in Science

Ethics in Science (SciEd)

European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EUROPA)

The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences
(Mitchell C. Brown)

Follow the Money -- The Politics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research
(Eugene Russo, PLoS Biology 3(7):e234, 12 Jul 2005)

Foresight (UK Government)

Framing Science (Matthew C. Nisbet)

The Future of Science (Michael Nielsen, 17 Jul 2008)

George C. Marshall Institute

Giving with One Hand, Taking Away with the Other: Canada's Tax System and Research and Development (Kenneth J. McKenzie, C. D. Howe Institute, Toronto, Oct 2006) PDF

GST Gateway | Gender, Science and Technology Gateway
(Women in Global Science and Technology, Canada)

A Habit of Lies: How Scientists Cheat (John A. Hewitt)

House Committee on Science - Home Page
(US House of Representatives)

How Rapidly Does Science Leak Out? (James D. Adams et al., Rennselaer Polytechnic Institue, May 2006) PDF

How Sound Is Bush's 'Sound Science'? (Jeffrey Brainard, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 Mar 2004)

The Hypatia Institute (Allison Nies)

The Hybrid Vigor Institute (Denise Caruso et al.)

ICS: Innovations in the Communication of Science (SISSA, Trieste)

Ingenious (Science Museum of London)

The Institute for Science in Society (Julian Haffegee, UK)

Integrity in Science: A CSPI Project (Center for Science in the Public Interest)

The Integrity in Science Database: Scientists' & Non-Profit Ties to Industry (Center for Science in the Public Interest)

Integrity in Scientific Research: Creating an Environment That Promotes Responsible Conduct (Arthur Rubenstein et al., U.S. National Research Council, 2002)

Integrity of Science (Pacific Institute, Oakland, California)

InterAcademy Council (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC)

The InterAcademy Panel on International Issues (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC)

The Int'l History, Philosophy and Science Teaching Group
(Douglas Allchin)

International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry - IJLSE (Inderscience)

International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES)

-- German Mirror

International PCST Network (Public Communication of Science and Technology)

The Intersection (Chris C. Mooney)

ISIS Institute For Science and International Security

ISSTI - Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation (University of Edinburgh)

Keeping science open: The effects of intellectual property policy on the conduct of science (The Royal Society, Apr 2003)

Kira Institute (Jeff Thompson et al.)

The Knowledge Filter and Economic Growth: The Role of Scientist Entrepreneurship (David B. Audretsch et al., Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri, 29 Mar 2006) PDF

LabLit.com | The culture of science in fiction & fact
(ed. Jennifer Rohn)

Leading Edge, with Geoff Watts (BBC Radio 4 Programme)

Liberating Science from Politics (Daniel Sarewitz, Macroscope, American Scientist 94(2):104-6, Mar-Apr 2006)

The Lightcone Institute (Sabine Hossenfelder et al.)

Links2Go: Science Studies

Loet Leydesdorff (Amsterdam)

The Loka Institute

Looking Back at the End of Science (John Horgan, Science & Spirit, 1 Mar 2008)

Lost in a Sea of Science Data (Scott Carlson, The Chronicle of Higher Education 52:42:A35, 23 Jun 2006)

Mapping Interdisciplinarity at the Interfaces between the Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index (Loet Leydesdorff, University of Amsterdam, 19 Jul 2006)

MEPHISTOS | MEdicine, Philosophy, HIstory, Science, Technology, OS(so)ciology (University of California at Los Angeles)

Mixing Science and Politics (and Economics) (Michael Shermer, Skepticblog, 28 Jul 2009)

Museum of Women in Science & Technology (Amazon City)

Nature Debates

NCE Networks of Centres of Excellence (Canada)

NCSE encourages federal scientific integrity (National Center for Science Education, 13 May 2009)

The NeoScience Institute

NEXA Science & Humanities Convergence Program at SFSU

-- H-NEXA Home Page

No Sé Nada (Kevin Vranes)

NSF, Division of Science Resources Studies
(US National Science Foundation)

NSF's Scientist and Engineer Statistics Data System (SESTAT)

The Number That's Devouring Science (Richard Monastersky, The Chronicle of Higher Education 52:8:A12, 14 Oct 2005)

The Online Ethics Center for Engineering & Science
(National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC)

On the Relation of Science and the Humanities (Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University, Dec 2002)

Open Directory - Science: Science in Society

ORI - Office of Research Integrity (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services)

The Overlapping Magisteria of Law and Science: When Litigation and Science Collide (William G. Childs, Nebraska Law Review 85, 2006)

Policy.com: Issues Library: Science

PolicyNet (Royal Academy of Engineering, UK)

Politics & Science - Investigating the State of Science Under the [George W.] Bush Administration (Henry A. Waxman, Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives)

Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (Arlington, Virginia)

Prometheus: The Science Policy Weblog (Roger Pielke Jr., Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado at Boulder)

Promises, Promises (Stuart Blackman, The Scientist 23:11:28, 1 Oct 2009)

Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journals (White Paper, Council of Science Editors, Reston, Virginia)

psci-com: A Gateway to the Public Understanding of Science (UK)

PSTS Nexus (Patrick W. Hamlett, NCSU)

Psychology of Science

Public Interest Report: Journal of the Federation of American Scientists

Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media (Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, 9 Jul 2009) PDF

-- Overview

-- Scientific achievements less prominent than a decade ago (EurkAlert, 9 Jul 2009)

-- Commentary (AAAS, 9 Jul 2009) PDF

Public Understanding of Science (Institute of Physics)

Public Understanding of Science (ESRC)

-- Forum Topics - General Discussion (Counterbalance)

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
(Pugwash, Nova Scotia)

PUSET - Public Understanding of Science Engineering and Technology (Office of Science and Technology, UK)

Quantum conundrum: Should scientific funding emphasize basic research or technological application? (Discussion, The Walrus, 21 Aug 2007)

The Questionable Authority (blog by Mike Dunford, University of Hawaii, Manoa)

Questioning the Honesty of White House Science (Colloquy Live, mod. Jeffrey Brainard, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 Mar 2004)

Radical-Science@EGroups.com
(Radical-Science E-Mail Group, Ian Pitchford)

Report From Yearly Kos: The Intersection of Science and Progressive Values (Chris C. Mooney, The Huffington Post, 6 Aug 2007)

Research Evaluation and Impact Assessment
(Ronald N. Kostoff, U.S. Office of Naval Research)

Resources in Science Studies

Restoring the Integrity of Science (Union of Concerned Scientists)

Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (Norman Augustine et al., National Research Council, Washington, DC, Feb 2006)

The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain (R. Stephen Berry et al., U.S. National Research Council, 2003)

The Royal Society - Science Policy

SATISrun: Science, Technology, and Society (M. J. Overy)

Save British Science Society (Peter Cotgreave et al.)

SciDev.net (Science and Development Network)

Science and Engineering Indicators (NSF)

Science and Engineering Indicators: 2000

Science and Engineering Indicators - 2002

Science and Engineering Indicators 2004

Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF Division of Science Resources Statistics)

Science and Engineering Workforce Project (US National Bureau of Economic Research)

Science and the Humanities (Richard Poss)

Science and the Media: A Web Column by Matthew Nisbet (CSICOP)

Science and Politics (PBS Now, with David Brancaccio, 22 Jul 2005)

Science & Public Affairs (British Association for the Advancement of Science)

Science and Security in a Post 9/11 World: A Report Based on Regional Discussions Between the Science and Security Communities (Jacques S. Gansler & Alice P. Gast et al., Committee on a New Government-University Partnership for Science and Security, National Research Council , Washington, DC, 18 Oct 2007)

-- Webcast

Science and Society Picture Library (National Museum of Science & Industry, London)

Science & Technology Ethics Resources on WWW
(UBC Centre for Applied Ethics)

Science and Technology Indicators for the European Research Area
(CORDIS)

Science and Technology Policy (NAS)

Science & Technology Policy Institute (RAND)

Science and Technology Studies, Department of
(Luigi M. Bianchi et al., York Univesity)

Science and Technology Studies Resources (Cornell)

Science & Technology Studies, University College London

Science as Culture (ed. Robert M. Young)

Science at Work For Canada: A Strategy for the National Research Council, 2006-2011 (National Research Council Canada, 29 Aug 2006)

Science Café (University of California, San Francisco)

The Science Coalition (Denver, Colorado)

Science Debate 2008

Science -- Essays on Science and Society (AAAS, Science Online)

Science for Judges (Brooklyn Law School)

Science History/Policy Gateway (RDN PSIgate)

Science in Human Culture (Ken Alder, Northwestern University)

Science in Society (British Association for the Advancement of Science)

Science Literacy Debate (Matthew Nisbet, CSICOP, 9 Jun 2003)

Science Progress : Science and Technology Policy (blog ed. Jonathan Moreno et al., Center for American Progress, Washington, DC)

Science -- Science Collections: Science and Policy

Science -- Science Collections: Scientific Community

Science, Scientism, and Anti-Science in the Age of Preposterism
(Susan Haack, Skeptical Inquirer, Nov 1997)

Science, Social Networks and Spillovers (Olav Sorenson & Jasjit Singh, Social Science Research Network, 26 Dec 2006)

Science Studies Resources on the Internet (VT)

Science Studies, University of Edinburgh

Science Studies Web Server (George Gale & Elam O'Renick, UMKC)

Science Study Center at Virginia Tech

Science, Technology, & Culture (Voice of the Shuttle)

Science, Technology and Innovation Systems Policy Information Map Index

Science, Technology and Society (Sigma Xi)

Science, Technology, & Society (University of Texas at Austin)

Science, Technology and Society: STS Subject Guide
(Catherine McCabe et al.)

Science, Technology, Society (Frank Potter)

The Science Wars Homepage (Science Wars Monitor International)

Science Watch (Institute for Scientific Information)

The Scientific Activist: Reporting from the Crossroads of Science and Politics (Nick Anthis, Oxford)

Scientific Advice, Risk and Evidence Based Policy Making (Seventh Report of Session 2005-06, UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 8 Nov 2006) PDF

The Scientific Communication Life-Cycle model
(Bo-Christer Björk, Helsinki)

Scientific Fraud and the Power Structure of Science
(Brian Martin, Prometheus, Jun 1992)

Scientific Integrity (American Association for the Advancement of Science)

Scientific Integrity (Barack Obama, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, The White House, 9 Mar 2009)

Scientific Integrity (Public Employees for Environmental Reponsibility, Washington, DC)

Scientific Integrity in Policymaking: An Investigation into the Bush Administration's Misuse of Science (Union of Concerned Scientists, Mar 2004)

Scientific Integrity, Presidential Memorandum on (Barack Obama, The White House, Washington, DC, 9 Mar 2009)

Scientific Integrity Program (Union of Concerned Scientists)

Scientists and Engineers for America (Mike Brown et al.)

Scientists for Global Responsibility - Promoting Ethical Science and Technology (UK)

Sci-Tech-Studies E-list Support Page (UMKC)

SCOPE Scientific Controversies On-Line: Partnerships in Education

Security Controls on the Access of Foreign Scientists and Engineers to the United States: A White Paper of the Commission on Scientific Communication and National Security (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, Oct 2005) PDF

Sense About Science (dir. Tracey Brown, London)

Short-Changing Our Future: America's Penny-Wise, Pound-Foolish Approach to Supporting Tomorrow's Scientists (Michael J. Biercuk, Progressive Policy Institute, 10 Oct 2008) PDF

Situating Science: The Cluster for the Humanist and Social Studies of Science (University of Alberta, Edmonton)

SKAPP | Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy
(DefendingScience.org)

Society for Social Studies of Science (4S)

-- Technoscience

Some Superb Scientific Satire

SophiaEuropa (Metanexus Local Societies Initiative)

STEP | Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
(U.S. National Academies of Sciences)

The structure of scientific collaboration networkds (M. E. J. Newman, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:2:404-9, 16 Jan 2001)

STS Links (Patrick W. Hamlett, NCSU)

-- STS Programs

STS Observatory: A place to watch and discuss science and technology (UCL Science and Technology Studies, University College London)

Talking Policy: An examination of public dialogue in science and technology policy (Steve Wooding et al., RAND Europe, 2005) PDF

Third European Report on Science and Technology Indicators 2003
(ed. U. Muldur, European Commission, Mar 2003)

Thoughts from Kansas (blog by Josh Rosenau, University of Kansas)

Towards a Better Map: Science, the Public and the Media (Ian Hargreaves et al., UK Economic and Social Research Council, 2003) PDF

Trinity Science in Society

2020 Science: Providing a clear perspective on developing science and technology responsibly (Andrew Maynard)

Understanding Science 101 (UC Museum of Paleontology, University of California at Berkeley)

UNESCO Natural Sciences - Science Analysis and Policies

Union of Concerned Scientists

Unscrewing The Inscrutable (Brent Rasmussen, Goodyear, Arizona)

Using Web of Science for Citation Studies (Sharon Siegler & Brian Simboli, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)

Virtual STS: Social and Cultural Studies of Science on the Web
(Bart Simon)

WebCASPAR (dir. Teresa L. Grimes)

-- WebCASPAR Login (Backup)

Werbos World (Paul Werbos, Arlington, Virginia)

Who Turned Out The Enlightenment? (Paul Starobin, National Journal, 28 Jul 2006)

Women and Minorities in Science (UIUC)

Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering (Ellen Spertus, MIT)

Women in Science Internet Resources

Women in Sciences and Engineering (Kristina Lerman, UCSB)

Worldwide Guide to Science Studies Programmes (UMKC)

-- Science Studies Gopher Server

-- Science Studies Resources on the Internet

See also Bioethics and Science Policy, Pseudoscience: Content and Critique, and Women in Science and Technology

---

History and Philosophy of Science

This at least seems to me the main problem for philosophers.... How can we contrive to be at once astonished at the world and yet at home in it? How can this world give us at once the fascination of a strange town and the comfort and honour of being our own town?... We need this life of practical romance; the combination of something that is strange with something that is secure. We need to view the world as to combine an idea of wonder and an idea of welcome. We need to be happy in this wonderland without once being merely comfortable.

G. K. Chesterton

The core question remains: How much of science is invented and how much is discovered?

David Grinspoon

Accept It: Talk About Evolution Needs To Evolve (Eugenie Scott, Science News, 176:3:32, 1 Aug 2009)

Adolf Grünbaum (University of Pittsburgh)

Adventures in Ethics and Science (Janet D. Stemwedel)

Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science (Institute for Research in Classical Philosophy and Science)

African Americans in Science and Technology: Selected Internet Resources (Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)

Against All Reason (ed. Ian Pitchford)

Agassi, Joseph - Online Papers (Tel Aviv University)

The Alchemy Virtual Library

The Alchemy Website and Virtual Library (Adam McLean)

Alexandrian Scholarship (Ellen N. Brundige)

America's Best - Science and Medicine (CNN/TIME Special, 2001)

Analysis--Synthesis (Roberto Poli, Global Spiral 10:5, 1 Sep 2009)

AntiMatters: An open-access e-journal (ed. Ulrich J. Mohrhoff et al.)

The Archimedes Palimpsest (William Noel et al.)

Archives of POPPER (Juan Carlos Garelli)

Archives of Scientific Philosophy (University of Pittsburgh)

The Art of Renaissance Science: Galileo and Perspective
(Joseph W. Dauben)

ASAPWeb Home Page (Australian Science Archives Project)

BBC - History - Science and Discovery

Beautiful Science: Ideas That Changed the World (Dibner Hall of the History of Science, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California)

Beginner's Guide to Research in the History of Science
(Bibliography, Ronald C. Tobey)

Benjamin Franklin (PBS, 19-20 Nov 2002)

Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words (American Treasures of the Library of Congress)

The Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary (The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 17 Jan 2006)

Biographical Memoirs (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC)

Biographical Sources in the Sciences (Science Tracer Bullet, Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)

Britannica Guide to the Nobel Prizes

British Logic Colloquium (Eike Ritter, School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham)

British Society for the History of Science

British Society for the Philosophy of Science

BSHS List of Theses (British Society for the History of Science)

Caltech Archives On-Line Guide to Collections

Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science
(York University)

Carl Gustav Hempel Collection (Archives of Scientific Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh)

CASE Cooperation on Archives of Science in Europe

Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries
(Richard S. Westfall & Albert Van Helden)

Centaurus: International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine (Volumes 1-24, 1950-1980)

Center for History of Recent Science (George Washington U)

Center for History of Science, Royal Swedish Academy of Science

Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies
(CPNSS, Copenhagen)

Center for Philosophy of Science (Carol Weber et al., U Pittsburgh)

Centre for History of Science (Ghent University)

Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine (University of Manchester)

Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science (Ghent University)

Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (London School of Economics)

Centre for Time (Department of Philosophy, University of Sydney)

Challenger Expedition 1872-1876 (University of Kansas Natural History Museum)

Chinese Science (Ming L. Pei)

Classic Textbooks in Science (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC)

Closer to Truth (Peter Getzels & Andrew Walworth)

Closer to Truth (Robert Lawrence Kuhn et al.)

Closer to Truth: Science, Meaning and the Future
(Robert Lawrence Kuhn et al., PBS)

Closer to Truth - Universe & Meaning

Clusty's Benjamin Franklin Portal (Jerome Pesenti, Pittsburgh)

Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas (Tel-Aviv University)

CompletePlanet - Directory Philosophy of Science

Complexity and Philosophy (Francis Heylighen et al., uk.arXiv.org:cs.CC/0604072, 19 Apr 2006)

Cosmic Variance: random samplings from a universe of ideas
(Sean Carroll et al.)

-- Review (Blog life, Physics World, Feb 2007)

Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy
(ed. Arran Gare et al., Swinburne University, Australia)

Craig Callender (UCSD Philosophy)

Critical Point (column by Robert Crease, Physics World)

The Culture and History of Science Page (Hartmut Krech)

A Data Deluge Swamps Science Historians (Robert Lee Hotz, Wall Street Journal, 28 Aug 2009)

David Deutsch: A new way to explain explanation (Video on TED.com; filmed Jul 2009, posted Oct 2009)

Davie & Rog's History of Western Science Home Page
(David Hale & Roger Whitson, Drury College)

Davin C. Enigl

DHS/IUHPS (Division of History of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science)

Diagrammatic reasoning and modelling in the imagination: the secret weapons of the Scientific Revolution (James Franklin, in G. Freeland & A. Corones, eds., 1543 and All That: Image and Word, Change and Continuity in the Proto-Scientific Revolution (Dordrecht, 1999), pp. 53-115)

Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology (MIT)

The Digital Restoration of Da Vinci's Sketches (Amelia Sparavigna, arXiv:0903.1448v1 [cs.CV], 9 Mar 2009)

Discovery and Invention: A Historical Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society: Sample Articles (ed. James Ciment, pub. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York)

Disruptive Science: Brave New WorldViews (Gerry McKiernan, Iowa State University, Ames)

Does Philosophy Drive Science? A Conversation on Foundations
(21stC Issue 2.3, Spring 1997)

Early Modern Science (Hanover College)

ECHO: Exploring & Collecting History Online -- Science, Technology, and History (Center for History and New Media, George Mason University)

Edge (ed. John Brockman)

The Electric Ben Franklin (UShistory.org)

EmergentMind.org, Mapping the Frontiers of Consciousness
(Lian Sidorov et al.)

Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
(Jim Bennett et al., Oxford University)

EPSA (European Philosophy of Science Association)

Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
(Eric W. Weisstein)

Evidence | How Do We Know What We Know? A Case Study in Human Origins (Exploratorium)

Evolution of Evolution - 150 Years of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" (Special Report, US National Science Foundation, 11 Feb 2009)

Expeditions: 150 Years of Smithsonian Research in Latin America

Experimental Philosophy (blog by Adam Feltz et al.)

Exploring Leonardo (Science Learning Network)

The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences

Famous Scottish Technologists and Scientists (The IEE)

Farewell to Norman Jay Levitt (1943-2009) (Michael Shermer, SkepticBlog, 27 Oct 2009)

Finding Franklin: Benjamin Franklin Resource Guide
(Kenneth Drexler et al., Library of Congress, Feb 2006)

Five Great Pillars (Richard A. Carrigan)

Foolproof (Brian Hayes, Computing Science, American Scientist 95(1):10-15, Jan-Feb 2007)

4000 Years of Women in Science

Franklin and His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth-Century America (National Portrait Gallery)

From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twentieth Century (F. David Peat, US National Research Council, 2002)

From Sputnik to NDEA: The Changing Role of Science During the Cold War (Garrett Moritz, 1999)

Geometry.net | History of Science

Geometry.net | Philsophy of Science

Geometry.net | Scientists

The Global Campus - Science History

Great Canadian Scientists

-- SFU Mirror

Great Experiments (Ergito.com)

Great Thinkers and Visionaries on the Net (Alexander Chislenko)

Greek and Roman Science and Technology
(T. E. Rihll, University of Wales Swansea)

Green Lion Press (William H. Donahue & Dana Densmore, Santa Fe, New Mexico)

Greg Ransom -- Home Page

The Gruber Prizes (Peter & Patricia Gruber Foundation, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands)

HAPSAT - History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Graduate Student Union (Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto)

Historical Text Archive | History of Science (Don Mabry)

History and Philosophy of Science Gopher (UT)

(History and) Philosophy of Science Institutions (Samuel Schindler, EPSA)

History and Philosophy of Science Subject Guide
(University of Pittsburgh)

The History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine: A Selection of Web and Other Sources (Thomas B. Settle)

History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge

History of the Journal Nature (Arran Frood et al., Nature Publishing Group, London)

History of Recent Science & Technology (Dibner Institute, MIT)

History of Science (Hopkins Philosophy Pages)

History of Science (Leeds PRS-LTSN)

History of Science (SciEd)

History of Science and Mathematics
(Michael L. Hall, University of Maryland)

History of Science and Mathematics (Peter Losin)

History of Science and Science Museums (McGill Physics)

History of Science, Mathematics and Technology
(Bob Bruen's History of Science Page)

History of Science on the Internet (DHS/IUHPS)

History of Science Society

History of Science Society (UW Departments Web Server)

History of Science, Technology, and Medicine: A Guide To Research Materials (UM Libraries)

History of Science, Technology and Medicine - Overview
(Virtual Library, Tim Sherratt)

-- Biographical Dictionary

-- Search

History of Science TV Theme - Discovery Channel School

History of Science Web Site (ed. Raffaele Pisano, University of Rome)

The History of Women & Science, Health, & Technology Gopher

HOPOS - The International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science (Virginia Tech)

-- Archives of HOPOS-L@LISTSERV.ND.EDU

HPSST-L@POST.QUEENSU.CA, Archives of
(History and Philosophy of Science and Science Teaching)

H-Sci-Med-Tech: Home

HSS-L (History of Science Society)

Human Strategies in Complexity: Philosophical Foundations for a Theory of Evolutionary Systems (Wolfgang Hofkirchner et al., Vienna)

The Humboldt Scientific Locality Index

Hypatia of Alexandria (Alexandria on the Web)

Hypatia of Alexandria (Howard A. Landman)

The Idea of Design in Nature: Science or Phenomenology? (Jakob Wolf, Global Spiral, 28 May 2009)

Idle Theory: Life Does the Least (Chris Davis, UK)

IHPST - Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (University of Toronto)

Important Moments in Science and Natural History - 20th Century
(Gary D. Sharp)

-- 300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Science and Natural History

The Increasingly Official Mary Midgley Webpage
(Nicholas Matzke)

Institute and Museum of History of Science - Florence

Institute for History and Foundations of Science
(University of Utrecht)

Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (University of Toronto)

Institute for the History of Science (IGN Frankfurt am Main)

Institute for the History of Science and Technology
(Russian Academy of Sciences)

Institute for Research in Classical Philosophy and Science
(Princeton, New Jersey)

The Institute - Institute and Museum of the History of Science (Florence, Italy)

Institute Vienna Circle --- Homepage

Instituto de la Ciencia y Tecnological en America Latina (ICTAL)

Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton)

Internet for History and Philosophy of Science
(James Sumner, RDN)

Internet History of Science Sourcebook (ed. Paul Halsall)

An Introduction to Science (Steven D. Schafersman)

Isis - Journal of the History of Science Society

-- Electronic Edition

Islamic Science (Jamil Ragep, University of Oklahoma)

Is Science Killing the Soul? (Richard Dawkins & Steven Pinker, 10 Feb 1999, Edge 3rd Culture)

Is There a Purpose in Nature? How to Navigate Between the Scylla of Mechanism and Charybid of Teleology (Forum 2000 Workshop Papers, 22-25 Mar 1998; ed. Ivan M. Havel, Prague Sep 1998)

It's Only A Theory: A blog devoted to general philosophy of science (ed. Gabriele Contessa, Carleton University, Ottawa)

The James Burke Web Repository (Peter Kim)

Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 (Eric Holzenberg et al.)

Joe Firmage (Joseph P. Firmage)

John Baptist Porta, Natural Magick (Scott L. Davis)

Joseph Needham Home Page (Christopher Cullen)

Journal of Evolution and Technology (ed. James Hughes, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies)

The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law
(ed. Jason Borenstein)

KLI Theory Lab (Thomas Klemm et al., Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research)

Lakatos (London School of Economics)

Leeds History and Philosophy of Science
(School of Philosophy, University of Leeds)

Leonardo da Vinci: Experience, Experiment and Design
(Victoria and Albert Museum, London)

The Leonardo da Vinci Society (London)

Links2Go: History and Philosophy of Science

The lost art of the letter (Robert P. Crease, Critical Point, Physics World, Jan 2007)

Map of Science (Richard Klavans & Kevin Boyack)

Map of science (W. Bradford Paley)

Mappermap.com (Albert G. Fonda)

Maps of Science (Dick Klavans, Directions Magazine, 10 May 2006)

Mary Hesse, Website in Honour of

MeaningofLife.tv (ed. Robert Wright)

Medieval Science (Hanover College)

Memories of Phil and Phylis Morrison (Herb Lin & Bert Singer)

Metascience (ed. Steven French et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers)

Michael Polanyi Center for Complexity, Information, and Design

The Mind of Leonardo - The Universal Genius at Work (Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence)

The Missing Link: A Podcast on the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology (Elizabeth Green Musselman)

Modern Europe: Science (Hanover College)

MSL Subject Guide: History of Science
(Vernon Kisling, UF Smathers Libraries)

Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford

Muslim Scientists and Islamic Civilization (A. Zahoor)

NAHSTE: Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology and the Environment (RSLP, Edinburgh)

National Academy of Sciences: InterViews (Washington, DC)

Naturalism.org (Thomas W. Clark)

NetSERF: Science and Technology (ed. Andrea R. Harbin)

A New Philosophical Guide for the Sciences: Ontology without Reduction (Roy Clouser, Global Spiral 10:5, 1 Sep 2009)

Newsgroup: sci.philosophy.meta

Nick Bostrom's Home Page

19th Century Scientific American Home Page

Nobel Centennial (CNN.com Special, Dec 2001)

The Nobel Channel Home Page

Nobel E-Museum (Nobel Foundation)

Nobel Prize (CBC News In Depth)

The Nobel Prize Internet Archive

The Nobel: Visions of Our Century (prod. Colleen Wilson & Angela Morgenstern, PBS/KQED, 12 Dec 2001)

Nuncius: Journal of the History of Science (Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence)

Obama outlines science vision (Michael Banks, Physics World, 27 Apr 2009)

Old Norse Science (Thorsteinn Vilhjalmsson)

On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct In Research (NAS)

1000-2000 A Thousand Years (Christian Science Monitor)

Only Clouds Exist (mod. John Conway)

On Truth & Reality: The Spherical Standing Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) in Space (Karene Jade Howie & Geoff Haselhurst, SpaceandMotion.com)

Open Access and the Progress of Science (Alma Swan, Macroscope, American Scientist 95(3):197-9, May-Jun 2007)

The Pantaneto Forum (Nigel Sanitt)

Peoples Archive (Vitek & Tamara Tracz et al.)

The Phenomenon of Science: A Cybernetic Approach to Human Evolution (Valentin Turchin, 1977)

Philo Online (Society of Humanist Philosophers)

PHIL 377: History and Philosophy of Science
(Charles Ess, Drury College)

Philosophic Nature (Excogitation & Innovation Laboratory)

Philosophy and Computing - A Webliography (Luciano Floridi)

Philosophy, Cosmology, & Consciousness (Richard Kahn et al., California Institute of Integral Studies)

Philosophy, Information Theory, Complexity
(John Collier, University of KwaZulu)

Philosophy of Information (Luciano Floridi, University of Oxford)

Philosophy of Science (Hopkins Philosophy Pages)

Philosophy of Science (Hopkins Philosophy Pages 2)

Philosophy of Science (Leeds PRS -LTSN)

Philosophy of Science (Purely Academic...)

Philosophy of Science (Roger Jones)

Philosophy of Science, etc. (Peter King)

Philosophy of Science and Mathematics Events in Britain
(Mike Brown & Brendan Larvor)

Philosophy of Science and Mathematics on the Internet
(University of Hertfordshire)

Philosophy of Science Association (Columbia, South Carolina)

The Philosophy of Science, Evolution, and Scientific Creationism
(Don Lindsay)

Philosophy of Science Portal

PhilSci Archive (Philosophy of Science Archive)

PHIS - The Danish Research School in Philosophy, History of Ideas and History of Science (Vincent F. Hendricks et al., University Center of Roskilde, Denmark)

Phylosophy: Ontology Recapitulating Ontogeny (Matt Haber, University of Utah)

Pictures of Science: 700 Years of Scientific and Medical Illustration (NYPL Digital Gallery)

Piet Hut (Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton)

Places & Spaces: Mapping Science (Katy Borner et al., New York Hall of Science)

Plain Philosophy Centre (Mark Plain, Richmond, B.C.)

Playing catch-up with scientific change (Stephen Buckle, MercatorNet, 16 Aug 2007)

The Polanyi Society (Phil Mullins)

Posner Family Collection in Electronic Format (Carnegie Mellon)

The Power of Purpose Awards - Resources
(John Templeton Foundation)

Principia Cybernetica Web (ed. F. Heylighen)

-- Los Alamos Mirror

Profiles in Science (National Library of Medicine, U.S.)

PSIgate - Science Timelines (Physical Sciences Information Gateway)

Reactions to Mixing Metaphysics and Modern Science (Varadaraja V. Raman, Polydoxy, Metanexus Institute, 20 Oct 2006)

Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science (Alan Woods & Ted Grant)

Recursivity (blog by Jeffrey O. Shallit, University of Waterloo)

Rediscovering Arabic Science (Richard Covington, Saudi Aramco World, May-Jun 2007)

Resources for History of Science and Technology (David L. Langenberg, University of Delaware)

Revolting Ideas: An Introduction to the History of Science (Barbara J. Becker, History 60, University of California, Irvine)

The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science

Russian Basic Science After Ten Years of Transition and Foreign Support (Irina Dezhina & Loren Graham, Feb 2002) PDF

Science and the Human Prospect (Ronald C. Pine, 1989, 2006; online ed. 2001, 2004)

Science and Pseudoscience (Imre Lakatos, Open University, 30 Jun 1973)

Science as Storytelling for Teaching the Nature of Science (B.R. Bickmore & D.A. Grandy, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota)

Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical (SciPer) Project
(J. R. Topham et al., Universities of Leeds and Sheffield)

Science Integration Institute (Todd Duncan)

Science Musings (Chet Raymo)

The Science Network (dir. Roger Bingham)

Science Philosophy Culture (Dan Agin, Google Groups)

Science -- Science Collections: History/Philosophy of Science

Science through the Centuries (University of Cambridge)

The Scientific & Medical Network Home Page

Scientific Revolution (Ellis L. Knox, History of Western Civilization)

The Scientific Revolution (Robert A. Hatch)

Scientists' Bookshelf: 100 (or so) Books That Shaped a Century of Science (Philip & Phylis Morrison, American Scientist, Nov-Dec 1999)

The Scottish Science Hall of Fame (National Library of Scotland)

Sci-Philately: A Selective History of Science on Stamps
(Maiken Naylor, University of Buffalo)

The Secret Life of Scientists (PBS NOVA)

Seeing Is Believing: 700 Years of Scientific and Medical Illustration (New York Public Library Exhibition on Scientific and Medical Illustration)

Selected Internet Resources: History of Science (BARD)

Selected Web Resources in the History of Science (Marianne Stowell Bracke & Paul J. Bracke, Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship, Winter 1999)

Sentient Developments: Transhumanist Perspectives on Science, Philosophy, History, and the Future of Intelligent Life (George P. Dvorsky)

Shifting Science: Philosophy of Science (Michael Joyce)

SHiPS Science Teachers Network (ed. Douglas Allchin)

The Significance of Unity and Diversity for the Disciplines of Mathematics and Physics (Daniel F. M. Strauss, Global Spiral 10:5, 1 Sep 2009)

SJSU Virtual Museum: The History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology (Robertta H. Barba, San Jose State University)

Smithsonian Science Service Historical Image Collection 1926-1976

Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice (University of Twente, The Netherlands)

Sources for Quotations in the Sciences (Library of Congress)

Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto)

Steve Fuller, Home Page of (University of Warwick)

Sydney Centre for the Foundations of Science (University of Sydney)

Theory & Science Journal (International Consortium for Alternative Academic Publication)

The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution
(ed. John Brockman, 1995)

Thought Experiments (Lawrence Souder)

Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)

Timelinescience - One Thousand Years of Scientific Thought

Time 100: Scientists and Thinkers

Today In Science History

The TPM Science Portal (The Philosophers' Magazine on the Internet)

Transhumanist Resources (Anders Sandberg)

Twisted History (Richard D. Flavin)

'Two cultures' turns 50 (Robert P. Crease, Physics World, 1 May 2009)

Ultimate Reality Bibliography (Hyung S. Choi, Canyon Institute)

The Unexpected Science to Come... (Sir John Maddox, Scientific American, Dec 1999)

Universal Leonardo (University of the Arts, London)

The Unknown and the Unknowable: A Talk with Joseph Traub
(John Brockman, Edge 9, 11 Mar 1997)

URAM: Journal of Ultimate Reality and Meaning

Urbanomic: Philosophical Research and Development (UK)

The Voyage of the Endeavour, 1768-1771
(Natural History Museum, London)

Web Links Concerning the History of Science (IVH Aarhus, Denmark)

Web Resources for History and Philosophy of Science (Leeds)

Werbos World (Paul Werbos, Arlington, Virginia)

What Makes Science 'Science'? (James Williams, The Scientist 22:10:29, 1 Oct 2008)

What Remains to Be Discovered?, with Bob May
(BBC Radio 4, Jan 2003)

What We Don't Know (John Hodgman, Wired 15.02, Feb 2007)

Why I Am Not a Postmodernist (Edward R. Friedlander)

Why I Think Science Is Ending: A Talk with John Horgan
(John Brockman, Edge 16, 6 May 1997)

Wikipedia: History of Science and Technology

Wolfgang Pauli, Carl Jung, and the Acausal Connecting Principle: A Case Study in Transdisciplinarity (Charlene P. E. Burns, Global Spiral, 8 Oct 2009)

Worldmapper Science Growth

The World Question Center (Edge)

Writing On Hands: Memory and Knowledge in Early Modern Europe

Yale Library: History of Science, Technology, and Medicine

Zeal.com - History of Science

See also Natural History, Science, and Technology Museums, Technological Change & Development, and Women in Science

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