- March 15
- Failed assault on royal palace in Amboise France. [1]
- April 19
- Philipp Melanchton [Schwazerd] church reformer, dies at age 63. [1]
- August 21
- Tycho Brahe becomes interested in astronomy. [1]
- December 5
- François II King of France (1559-60), dies at age 16. [1]
1561
- January 28
- By Edict of Orleans persecution of French Huguenots is suspended. [1]
- January 31
- Menno Simonsz Dutch priest/vicar (Foundation Book), dies. [1]
- February 22
- William of Orange appointed viceroy of Burgundy/Charolais. [1]
- March 5
- Carlo Caraffa Italian cardinal, dies at age 41. [1]
- December 21
- Archbishop Granvelle installed. [1]
1562
- January 15
- Third sitting of Council of Trente opens. [1]
- January 17
- Edict of Saint Germain recognizes the Huguenots in France. [1]
- March 1
- Blood bath at Vassy; General de Guise allows 1200 huguenots murder. [1]
- March 9
- Kissing in public banned in Naples (punishable by death). [1]
- March 15
- General François de Guise enters Paris France. [1]
- April 30
- First French colonists in US Jean Ribaut and Hugenots at Parris Island North Carolina. [1]
- October 9
- Gabriel Fallopius Modena Italy, anatomist. [1]
- December 6
- Jan van Scorel Dutch painter/architect, dies. [1]
- December 17
- Adrian Willaert Flemish singer/bandmaster/composer, dies at about age 82. [1]
- December 19
- Battle at Dreux: Anne de Montmorency and huguenots under Condé captured. [1]
1563
- February 2
- Hans Neusiedler Hungarian/German luitist/author, dies at approximately 54. [1]
- February 15
- Russian troops occupy Polotsk Lithuania. [1]
- February 18
- Huguenot Jean Poltrot de Méré shoots General François De Guise. [1]
- February 24
- François Guise French General/duke, assassinated at age 44. [1]
- February 27
- William Byrd is appointed organist at Lincoln Cathedral. [1]
- March 11
- League of High Nobles' second protest against King Philip II. [1]
- March 19
- Peace of Amboise; Rights for Huguenots. [1]
- April 30
- Jews are expelled from France by order of Charles VI. [1]
- December 4
- Council of Trent holds last session, after 18 years. [1]
1564
- February 18
- Michelangelo Buonarroti Italian sculptor/painter/architect/poet (David), dies at age 88. [1]
- February 21
- Philip II routes cardinal Granvelle to Franche-Comté. [1]
- February 26
- Christopher Marlowe, dramatist (Dr Faustus), baptized in Canterbury, England. [1] [66.36]
- March 13
- Cardinal Granvelle flees Brussels. [1]
- April 11
- England and France sign Peace of Troyes. [1]
- Liege Prince-Bishop Robert van Bergen resigns. [1]
- May 27
- Jean Caulvin [John Calvin] priest/church reformer, dies at age 54. [1]
- May 31
- Battle on Gotland: Lübeck and Denmark beat Sweden. [1]
- October 15
- Andreas Vesalius anatomist, dies at age 49. [1]
- December 31
- Willem van Orange demands freedom of conscience/religion. [1]
1565
- January 25
- Battle at Talikota India Muslims destroy Vijayanagar's army. [1]
- January 27
- Robrecht de Berghes prince-bishop of Liege (1557-64), dies. [1]
- March 1
- Spanish occupier Estacio de Sá founds Rio de Janeiro. [1]
- March 17
- Alexander Alesius [Aless/Alane], theologist/physician, dies at age 64. [1]
- April 27
- First Spanish settlement in Philippines, Cebu City, forms. [1]
- May 14
- Nicolaus von Amsdorf German reform theologist, dies. [1]
- September 8
- First permanent settlement in US forms (Saint Augustine, Florida). [1]
- Turkish siege of Malta broken by Maltese and Knights of Saint John. [1]
- September 20
- Spaniards capture Fort Caroline Florida and massacre the French. [1]
- October 22
- Jean Grolier de Serviéres French bibliophile, dies. [1]
- December 9
- Pius IV [Gianangelo de' Medici] Italian Pope (1559-65), dies at age 66. [1]
- December 13
- Konrad von Gesner naturalist, dies at age 49. [1]
- December 18
- Benedetto Varchi Italian humanist/historian (L'Ercolano), dies at age 62. [1]
- December 24
- Compromise of the Nobles closes against inquisition. [1]
1566
- January 7
- Antonio Michaele Ghislieri is elected Pope Pius V. [1]
- Ludovicus Blosius [Louis de Blois "Dacrianus"], wrtier, dies. [1]
- March 9
- David Riccio Italian singer/secretary of Mary Stuart, murdered. [1]
- March 26
- Antonio de Cabezon composer, dies. [1]
- March 28
- Siegmund Freiherr von Herberstein Austrian diplomat, dies at age 79. [1]
- April 5
- 200 Brussel nobles offer Margaretha of Parma a petition. [1]
- April 25
- Diane de Poitiers lover of French King Henry II, dies. [1]
- May 10
- Leonhard Fuchs German botanist, dies at age 65. [1]
- December 1
- Spanish king Philip II names Fernando Alvarez, duke of Alva. [1]
1567
- February 10
- Henry Stuart earl of Darnley/Consort of Mary Queen of Scots, murdered. [1]
- March 11
- Geuzen army leaves Walcheren to return to Oosterweel. [1]
- March 13
- Battle at Oosterweel: Spanish troops destroy Geuzenleger. [1]
- March 31
- Philip the Generous, count of Hessen, dies at age 62. [1]
- April 11
- Dutch Prince William of Orange flees from Antwerp to Breda. [1]
- April 18
- Wilhelm von Grumbach German military man, dies at age 63. [1]
- April 19
- Michael Stifel German theologist/mathematician, dies at about age 79. [1]
- May 2
- Marin Drzic Croatian playwright (Dundo Maroje), dies. [1]
- May 3
- Leonhard Paminger composer, dies at age 72. [1]
- May 15
- Mary, Queen of Scots marries James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. [1]
- May 31
- Péreguin de la Grange French minister/martyr of Reform, dies. [1]
- June 15
- Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. [1]
- June 16
- Mary Queen of Scots thrown into Lochleven Castle prison. [1]
- June 20
- Jews are expelled from Brazil by order of regent Don Henrique. [1]
1568
- January 24
- Abdij Church in Middelburg destroyed by fire. [1]
- In the Netherlands, Duke of Alva declares William of Orange an outlaw. [1]
- February 15
- Hendrik van Brederode Dutch noble (Compromise of Nobles), dies at age 36. [1]
- February 17
- Holy Roman Emperor agrees to pay annual tribute to Sultan for peace. [1]
- February 19
- Miles Coverdale translator (first complete English Bible), dies at age 80. [1]
- March 20
- Albrecht von Hohenzollern first duke of Prussia, dies at age 77. [1]
- March 23
- Treaty of Longjumeau: French huguenots go on strike. [1]
- May 13
- Mary Queen of Scots is defeated by English at battle of Langside. [1]
- May 16
- Mary Queen of Scotland flees to England. [1]
- May 19
- English queen Elizabeth I arrests Scottish queen Mary. [1]
- May 23
- Adolf van Nassau German son of Willem the Rich, dies in battle at age 27. [1]
- Battle at Heiligerlee: Dutch rebels beat Spanish, 100s killed. [1]
- July 13
- Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral perfects a way to bottle beer. [1]
- December 24
- Uprising of Morisco's in Granada. [1]
- December 26
- Uprising of Morisco's against suppression in Granada. [1]
1569
- January 11
- The first British royal lottery draw begins, lasting until May 6, drawing every ticket with a name and a corresponding prize ticket. Tickets had been sold since 1566, but only 1/12th of expected 400,000 tickets are sold. Top prize is 1/12 of 5000 pounds Sterling. [1] [187.123] [565.49]
- January 20
- Miles Coverdale English bible translator Great bible, dies at age 80. [1]
- February 7
- King Philip II forms inquistion in South America. [1]
- February 20
- Mark van Vaernewijck Flemish nobleman/politician, dies at age 50. [1]
- March 13
- Battle of Jarnac, Count of Anjou defeats Huguenots. [1]
- Louis Condé French prince/co-leader of Hugenot, dies in battle. [1]
- March 20
- Duke van Alva leads "tenth penning" in Ponts the Cé. [1]
- May 10
- Juan the Avila Spanish minister/writer. [1]
- May 27
- François de Coligny French general (Jarnac), dies. [1]
- December 15
- Westmoreland flees to Scotland. [1]
- December 23
- Saint Philip of Moscow martyred by Ivan the Terrible. [1]
1570
- January 2
- Tsar Ivan the Terrible march to Novgorod begins. [1]
- January 3
- Bartholomeus Latomus [Steinmetz], Flemish archbishop of Trier, dies. [1]
- January 4
- Spanish viceroy Alva banishes Zutphen City's only physician, Joost Sweiter, "because he is a Jew". [1]
- January 9
- Tsar Ivan the terrible kills 1000-2000 residents of Novgorod. [1]
- January 23
- Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland, assassinated; civil war breaks out. [1]
- February 25
- Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth, absolves her subjects from allegiance. [1]
- February 28
- Anti-Portugese uprising on Ternate, Moluccas. [1]
- March 4
- King Philip II bans foreign Dutch students. [1]
- March 12
- Jacob van den Eynden Grand Pensionary of Holland, dies. [1]
- April 14
- Polish Calvinists/Lutherians/Hernhutters unify against Jesuits. [1]
- April 24
- Battles between Spanish troops and followers of sultan Suleiman. [1]
- May 10
- Czar Ivan IV becomes Protestant. [1]
- May 20
- Egidius Coppens publishes Abraham Ortelius' "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum", first modern atlas, with 70 maps. [1] [5]
- December 9
- Geuzen under Herman de Ruyter occupies Loevestein. [1]
- December 13
- Sweden and Denmark sign Peace of Stettin. [1]
1571
- January 3
- Death of Joachim II Hektor at age 65; Elector of Brandenburg. [1] [37]
- January 11
- Emperor Maximilian II grants Austrian adel freedom of religion. [1]
- January 23
- Queen Elizabeth I opens Royal Exchange in London. [1]
- February 14
- Benvenuto Cellini Italian sculptor/metalsmith/author (Perseus), dies at age 70. [1]
- Odet de Coligny Cardinal of Châtillon/count of Beauvais, dies at age 53. [1]
- March 19
- Spanish troops occupy Manila. [1]
- March 25
- Catholic Italian businessman Roberto Ridolfi leaves Enngeland. [1]
- May 16
- Johannes Kepler, by his own calculations, is conceived at 4:37 AM. [1]
- May 19
- Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi founded Manilla in the Phillipines. [1]
- May 20
- Venice, Spain and Pope Pius form anti-Turkish Saint League. [1]
- October 7
- Turkish fleet defeated by Spanish and Italians in Battle of Lepanto. [1]
1572
- February 5
- Beggars assault Oisterwijk Netherlands, drive nuns out. [1]
- March 12
- Luís Vaz de Camoes publishes "Os Lusíados" in Portugal. [1]
- April 1
- Bloys van Treslong conquers Brielle. [1]
- April 21
- France and England sign anti-Spanish military covenant. [1]
- May 1
- Pius V [Antonio Ghislieri] great-inquisiteur/Pope (1566-72), dies. [1]
- May 4
- Veere sides with Geuzen. [1]
- May 15
- Louis van Nassau and huguenots occupy Valenciennes. [1]
- August 24
- Saint Bartholomew Massacre: King Charles IX orders massacre of 30,000 Huguenots. [1] [262.152]
- November 6
- Supernova is observed in the constellation known as Cassiopeia. [1]
- November 24
- John Knox Scottish preacher, dies. [1]
- December 10
- Cornelis Musius Dutch humanist/poet, murdered at age 72. [1]
- December 11
- Spanish troops begin siege of Haarlem. [1]
- December 13
- Spanish army beats Geuzen fleet under Admiral Lumey. [1]
- December 17
- Spanish army begins fires in Haarlem Netherlands. [1]
- December 30
- Galeazzo Alessi Italian architect (Palazza Marino, Milan), dies at age 60. [1]
1573
- January 1
- Geuzen sets fire to Woudrichem. [1]
- February 11
- First European, Francis Drake sees the Pacific (from Panamá). [1]
- February 28
- Jan "Hans" Liefrinck Flemish engraver/publisher, dies at about age 54. [1]
- March 7
- Turkey and Venice signs peace treaty. [1]
- March 13
- Michel de l'Hôpital chancellor of France (1560-68), dies at about age 65. [1]
- March 14
- Claude II of Lotharingen, duke of Aumale/murdered Admiral Coligny, dies. [1]
- May 9
- Polish Parliament selects duke of Anjou as king. [1]
- November 7
- Solomon Luria (Maharshal) talmudic author (Yam Shel Shelomo), dies. [1]
- December 11
- Alardus/Eilard de Waterlant duke of Alva, hanged. [1]
1574
- January 29
- Sea battle of Reimerswaal - Admiral Boisot beats Spanish fleet. [1]
- February 9
- Louis of Nassau ends siege of Maastricht. [1]
- February 18
- Zeeland falls to Dutch rebels. [1]
- February 19
- Spanish troops plunder Krommenie, Wormerveer and Jisp Netherlands. [1]
- February 21
- Spanish garrison of Middelburg Netherlands surrenders. [1]
- February 23
- France begins 5th Holy War against Huguenots. [1]
- March 5
- Philip of Saint-Aldegonde Flemish viceroy Holland/Zealand/Utrecht, dies. [1]
- April 1
- Origin of All Fool's Day as King Charles IX of France changes calendar to start January 1. [242.4]
- April 14
- Battle of Mookerhei-D'Avila beats Louis of Nassau. [1]
- Christoffel Palts German General strategist, dies in battle. [1]
- Hendrik count of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle. [1]
- Louis earl of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle at age 35. [1]
- April 21
- Cosimo de Medici Italian duke of Toscane, dies at about age 54. [1]
- May 30
- Charles IX King of France (1560-74), dies. [1]
- Henry III follows brother Charles IX as king of France. [1]
- Sea battle at Lillo Belgium (Adolf Van Haemstede versus Louis de Boisot). [1]
- December 13
- Selîm II Sari the blonde, sultan of Turkey (1566-74), dies at age 50. [1]
- December 26
- Charles Guise archbishop/cardinal of Reims, dies at age 50. [1]
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